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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the stimulus response capability
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how things are linked
naturalness of linkages linkages can have effect on RT Practices can overcome non natural linkages and increase compatibility (Decrease RT) important component in ergonomics and human factors research. |
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what do non natural links do to reaction time?
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they decrease them.
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can you overcome non natural linkages?
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yes you can through practice, it will result in decreased RT and increased compatibility.
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what is the focus of ergonomics?
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mean human factors. is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system.
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what is the difference in reaction time for stimulus-compatibility response test.
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it is the spatial relation between location of the stimulus and location of the response key as opposed to which hand is used.
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does stimulus intensity increase or decrease reaction time?
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increases RT, reaction times are faster with shouting and screaming then quiet.
people perforn better with noise and loud noises. |
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what would be the results of firing a gun in a swim meet of run race?
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athletes closest to gun get the quicker reaction time and start.
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athletes that hear louder go signals will have quicker or slower reaction times?
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quicker, the louder the stimilus the quicker.
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how can attention be limiting?
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info processing activities can be limiting as a function of attention. (competing for attention)
humans can only concentrate attention on only restricted quantities of information at one time. |
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Primary vs secondary task (attention)
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if its a simple primary task, then you can focus more attention on the secondary task. If its a complex task then not as much can be focused on secondary task.
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What is the double stimulation paradigm?
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research where seperate reaction times are measure to 2 different stimuli presented close together in time.
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what is the inter-stimulus interval?
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the time period seperating the presentation of the 2 stimuli.
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what is stimulus onset asynchrony?
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2 stimuli come on at different times.
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what is the psychological refractory period?
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its when there is a delay in RT to second of 2 closely spaced stimuli, when compared to second stimulus only.
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what happens to the reaction time between 2 stimulus as the inter stimulus interval increases?
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the reaction will increase.
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what does bottleneck in response programming mean?
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means response programming stage is serial in nature.
only one action organized and initiated at a time. 3 movements per second. |
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what is the inverted U principle?
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it is the relation between arousal level and performance
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what is arousal level?
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excitation of CNS ranging from sleep to intense physical exercise.
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what is sensation?
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the neural actvity triggered by a stimulus activatiing a sensory receptor- results in sensory nerve impulses traveling the sensory nerve pathways to the brain.
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perception
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multistage process in the cns; including selection, processing organization, and integration of info received from the senses.
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optical illusions are?
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identical sensations can yield different perceptions
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what are the sources of sensory info?
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exteroception and interoception.
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what is exteroception?
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sensory info received from outside the body.
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what is interoception?
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from inside the body includes; proprioception which is the position of joints, muscle tension and body orientation in space
kinesthesis: awareness of limb movements and relative position |
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what are some sensory receptors?
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vestibular system, auditory system, muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, cutaneous receptors.
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what is the role of the vestibular system and whats its structure?
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3 semi circular canals\
otholith organs: utricle (horizontal) and saccule (vertical) role; maintain static and dynamic equilibrium. directs the gaze of eyes when the head moves ex. when reading. this is the vestibular occular response. |
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what is the role and structure of the auditory system?
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exteroception;organ of corti in the cochlea has mechanoreceptors (hair cells) which relay nerve impulses via cranial nerve viii (vestibular cochlear)
relays info on characteristics of sound waves. like frequency (pitch), cycles per second (Hz), Amplitude or intensity (loudness) decibels 40-60 decibels is normal convo 140 decibals (pain threshold) |
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what are muscle spindles and their function?
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intrafusal muscle fibers, lie parallel to skeletal muscles
activated when muscle is stretched muscle contraction reduces activation of muscle spindle |
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what are the golgi tendon organs and what are there purpose?
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located at the musculo tendon juncture,
afferent info on muscular force ( muscle contractions and stretches the tendon) functions to inhibit muscular contraction. protective mechanism |
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what are the Cutaneous receptors and what is their purpose?
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sense organs locates in most skin areas
monitor temp, pain, free and encapsulated dendritic endings, individual receptors can monitor many sensory info. movement perception (kinesthesis) active vs passive. |
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explain closed loop feedback
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use of feedback and error detection/ correction to maintain movement goal.
driven from periphery slow controlled deliberate movements continous, long duration skills flexibility in movment control. |
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comparator
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is the ideal state you want to be at.
ex. thermostat at 22, want temp to be consistently at 22 |
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what are some of the limitations for closed loop control?
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stages of processing require time and attention
detection error= can only do 3 correctios per second rapid actions are preplanned, not dependant on stages of info processing slater-hammel experiment (all or nothing response) the longer the time the better probability of stopping and making a correction. |
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what are reflexive modulations in movements skills
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unconscious movement corrections
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explain a reflex
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unconscious movement corrections
involuntary, rapid response to stimuli monosynaptic response polysynaptic response triggered reaction reaction time response |
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explain monosynaptic response (M1 Response)
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onset 30-50 ms
very rapid brief not very forceful synapse - contact between 2 neurons |
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explain polysynaptic response (m2 Response)
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onset 50-80 ms
more forceful and of longer duration involves inter-neurons more flexibility/ role of instruction |
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explain triggered response
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ploysynaptic response
80-120 ms onset of response affecteey number of response selectors cutaneous receptors that facilitate the crossed extensor reflex and the wireglass effect. |
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explain M3 response
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voluntary response time
latency 120-180 powerful and sustained requires attention affected by instruction anticipation, stimulus response alternative- flexible |
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which is the most dominant sense
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vision
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what are information processing assumptions?
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info is processed
processing of info takes time brain is like a computer behavioural level of analysis |
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james gibson
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visual cliff experiment
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ecological perspectives
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about info that we pick up to guide our actions in the environment
also considers the person in the environment |
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what is affordances
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the functional utility of an entity with respect to the animal and intent. ex plastic bag used for tying
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what is ecological validity
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the extent to which research emulates the real world;
research must approximate the real life situation that is under investigation. tasks that people engage in on a daily basis. |
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what is direct perception
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no need for cognitive mediation, you know what it is
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stimulus response compatibility
explain |
naturalness of linkage
linkages have effect on RT practice can over come non-natural linkages and increase compotability. |
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what are the 4 main function of sensation
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1. perception
2. control of movement 3. regulation of body function 4. maintenance or arousal. |
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what steps does perception include
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integration, selection, organization, and interpretation of info.
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exteroception and interoception
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what is afferent sources
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sense of position of limbs and orientation of body in space
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what is proprioception.
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movement sensation, more related to relative position.
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what is kinesthesis
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the texture of surfaces, their smoothness to tell you the nature of the material
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what is tactile
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body sensation, the overall sensation that your body is picking up
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what is somato sensory.
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info produced from various from various sensory sources as a consequence of movement
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what is feedback
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static visual acuity
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you have the clearest vision when not moving
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how is static visual acuity measured
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what is the snellen scale
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conscious id of objects in the centre of the visual field
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what is focal vision
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orientation of ones body in the envirionment, taking in all of the visual field.
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what is ambient vision.
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visual perception of motion, positioning timing or direction
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what is optic flow
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ventral pathway
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object
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dorsal pathway
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movment
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focal vision and movement control
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direct attention, object id via info processing stages.
ex look at pitchers hand to hitt successfully |
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what does vickers study do
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states that the longer you fixate on something the more successful you will be.
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what does keele and posner experiement focus on
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discrete aiming,
more successful reaching target wit lights on, then off unless its under 190 ms |
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how much time do you need for visual feedback corrections
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190-260 ms
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Ambient vision explain
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fast and unconscious processing
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what is optical flow
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movement of patterns of light over retina
allows perception of motion, position, direction, and timing and dpeth. |
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perception-action coupling
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we perceive in order to move and we move in order to perceive.
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what was Tau study?
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an optic variable that specifies time until contact.
the inverse of the rate of dilation of the image on the retina |
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what was the lee, lishman and thomson experiment
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stride length before takeoff and how the have more variably once they get close to jump to adjust.
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which experiment is responsible for the moving wall experiment
explains how visual dominance is in play for posture. perception and vestibular apparatus say you arent moving but your eyes say you are. |
lee and aronson
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what is the point behind james gibsons visual cliff diagram?
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talks about depth perception
infants 6-14 reluctant to crawl over the cliff mechanics for retinal desparityand motion parallax |
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what is optic flow
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the pattern of light that go past your retina
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what is a interneuron
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housed within the central neuron, are in polysynaptic neurons
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triggered reaction
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one side of body flexes and there is extension on the other side of the body.
involuntary |
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what does the slater and hammel experiment test?
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at what point is there no return
open loop system closer you get to the point where you lift the finger the less likely you will be able to stop the response. |
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do closed loop systems and open loop systems interact
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yes all the time.
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explain open loop control
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centrally determined
pre structure commands to effector run off with out feedback |
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explain closed looped control
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tilizes feedback
periphereally driven error detection and correction to maintain desired goal control of slow deliberate movements. many movements start as open loops and end up being closed loops |
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explain motor program
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central representation of action
prestructured set of neural or movement commands organized in advance of the movement starts in open loop control |
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what are the 4 lines of evidence for motor program
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deafferentiation studies
RT and movement complexity muscle activity patterns inhibition of a response |
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what is deafferentiation
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ventral nerves control movements
dorsal nerves give us sensory info is movement possible without sensory feedback? |
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how does lashley studies back deafferentiation
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showed with loss of sensory info from lower limbs the person could still position legs with reasonable accuracy
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Taub and berman
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showed how deafferentiated monkeys maintained capability to perform motor skills.
rely more on other systems like vision |
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Movement complexity
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more complex movements take more time and longer reaction rate due to the longer time to prepare the motor program.
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Muscle activity patterns
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wadman experiment showed that muscle activity is almost the same when a movement is performed compared to when it is unexpectantly stopped.
ex. elbow extension to target shows centrally organized open loop system |
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what does the bicep do in wadman experiment
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slows down the arm
is the antagonist |
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what does the tricep do in the wadman experiment
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performs the movement
is the agonist |
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slater
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linked if you stop the arm the muscle activity is still there
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