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225 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
An increased number of immature neutrophils in the blood is termed: |
Left Shift |
|
Which of the following wbc's tend to have a kidney bean shaped nucleus: |
metamyelocytes |
|
of toxic changes seen in neutrophils include all of the following EXCEPT: |
hyposegmentation |
|
A leukogram that shows a decrease of wbc's along with an increase of bands is termed a: |
degenerative left shift |
|
A condition that is characterized by a marked leukocytosis that may be confused with leukemia is termed: |
leukemoid response |
|
T or F: When performing a differential, the wbc count should always be reported in relative numbers in order to be diagnostically useful. |
FALSE |
|
Which of the following are not associated with leukemia? |
normal order of maturation of cells |
|
T or F: Immunocytes are the same cell as a reactive lymphocyte |
TRUE |
|
T or F: It is easy to differentiate T and B lymphocytes based upon theirmorphology |
FALSE |
|
Which of the following is the most immature recognizable cell in the erythroid series? |
rubriblast |
|
Which cell in the WBC line is one stage less mature then the band neutrophil? |
metamyelocyte |
|
Abone marrow aspiration on a cat may be obtained from the |
proximal humerus, femur, and the wing of the ileum |
|
Which cell in the RBC line is the most immature, with a large nucleus and nucleoli still present? |
rubriblast |
|
In what species is a bone marrow sample the primary means buy which to judge the animals response to an anemia? |
Equine |
|
Abone marrow aspiration in small animals can sometimes be performed with whichof the following |
Tranquilizer or General anesthetic |
|
What does the term hyperplastic mean? |
increased number of cells |
|
T or F: When performing an M:E ratio you would count all mature nucleated cells with the bone marrow. |
FALSE |
|
About how many days does it take a RBC to mature? |
5 |
|
When following a bone marrow case, besides actually examining the bone marrow what other lab test might the technician be performing? |
CBC |
|
T or F: Diagnostic cytology offers significant time savings in thedifferentiation between inflammatory disease and cancer |
TRUE |
|
T or F: It is ok to send cytology samples and formalin fixed samples to areference laboratory in the same box as long as they are wrapped and addressedproperly |
FALSE |
|
T or F: When performing a fine needle aspirate, the best technique is to directthe needle into the mass one time and then remove the needle from the animal |
FALSE |
|
T or F: The term for study of diseased tissues is histopathology |
FALSE |
|
When performing a fine needle aspirate, which of the following pieces of equipment is not advised |
25 gauge needle |
|
If a diagnosis of cancer is confirmed, cytologic findings can provide information for all of the following except: |
overall health of the animal |
|
T or F: When examing cellular detail of a cytology sample, it is wise to use the10X objective |
FALSE |
|
T or F: Cytology seldom will provide a definitive diagnosis when used as the sole diagnostic test as other tests may be needed |
TRUE |
|
T or F: Exudates are an abnormal collection of normal fluid. |
FALSE |
|
T or F: Normal body cavities (pleural, peritoneal and visceral) are lined by mesothelial cells in variable numbers. |
TRUE |
|
Transudates are effusions that are relatively unique because of all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: |
SPECIFIC GRAVITY >1.017 |
|
T or F: Congestive heart failure may result in an animal developing a transudateor a modified transudate |
TRUE |
|
TRUE or FALSE: Increased turbidity is most commonly associated with increased numbers of cellular elements. |
TRUE |
|
TRUE or FALSE: Transudates are a normal collection of abnormal fluid. |
FALSE |
|
TRUE or FALSE: Inflammation can be classified based upon its duration by the terms acute, subacute (same as chronic-active) or chronic inflammation. |
TRUE |
|
TRUE OR FALSE: Acute neutrophilic inflammation is less than 70% Neutrophils, normalneutrophils |
FALSE |
|
TRUE OR FALSE: Complete characterization of an effusion requires evaluation of various features such as the cellular content and specific gravity. |
TRUE |
|
Chronic inflammation is characterized by: |
greater than 50% macrophages |
|
TRUE OR FALSE: Collection of exfoliative cytology samples always requires at least local anesthesia of the site. |
FALSE |
|
TRUE OR FALSE:In general, skin biopsies are not performed as often as they should bein veterinary medicine |
TRUE |
|
Which of the following techniques minimizes pharyngeal contamination of the sample obtained? |
transtracheal |
|
List 3 unusual complications from a biopsy sample collection might include |
minor hemorrhage, infection possible, and dissemination of neoplastic cells |
|
List 4 agents can cause inflammatory lesions in the skin? |
bacteria, fungi, foreign bodies, and parasites |
|
Advantages of a punch biopsy include all but what of the following: |
less ability |
|
The most common skin biopsy punches areapproximately |
4-6 mm |
|
Taking a section of the liver would be: |
incisional biopsy |
|
T or F: The removal of a portion of the lesion is known as excisional biopsy |
FALSE |
|
True or False: The removal of a portion of the lesion is known as excisional biopsy |
FALSE |
|
Taking a section of the liver would be: |
incisional biopsy |
|
The most common skin biopsy punches are approximately |
4-6mm |
|
Advantages of a punch biopsy include all but what of the following: |
lessability of |
|
Which of the following agents can cause inflammatory lesions in the skin? |
bacteria,fungi, foreign bodies, parasites |
|
Unusual complications from a biopsy sample collection might include |
minor hemorrhage, infection possible, dissemination of neoplastic cells |
|
Which of the following techniques minimizes pharyngeal contamination of the sample obtained? |
Transtracheal |
|
True or False: In general, skin biopsies are not performed as often as they should be in veterinary medicine. |
TRUE |
|
True or False: Collection of exfoliative cytology samples always requires at least local anesthesia of the site. |
FALSE |
|
Which of the following organs can be easily aspirated? |
Liver |
|
What is the most common form of treatment for cancer in small animals? |
surgery |
|
What are two examples of discrete cells: |
histiocytoma and transmissible venereal tumors |
|
When sending biopsy samples in to the lab, all of the following arealways necessary |
name of patient breed of patient age of patient location of lesion |
|
True or False: Nuclear criteria of malignancy are more reliable than cytoplasmic criteria for estimating malignant potential. |
TRUE |
|
Tumors can be classified into what 3 categories? |
epithelial mesenchymal (spindle-cell) discrete round cell tumors |
|
Variable size and shape in cells of the same type is termed: |
pleomorphism |
|
True or False: A Mast Cell Tumor is an example of around or discreet cell tumor? |
TRUE |
|
True or False: Biopsy and aspiration are inter-changeable terms. |
FALSE |
|
The study of cells is known as |
CYTOLOGY |
|
A vaginal smear during this time would appear"clearer" showing a predominance of cornified cells, with no WBCs and decreasing RBC's |
estrus |
|
The first heat cycle experienced by the femaledog can occur anywhere from 6-24 months of age depending on the breed |
TRUE |
|
Ovulation usually occurs during the end of: |
estrus |
|
Female cats are seasonally polyestrus |
TRUE |
|
The mean duration of estrus in a cat is |
8 |
|
True or False: Progesterone is the predominant hormone during proestrus. |
FALSE |
|
Vaginal epithelial cells can be classified into which of the following type: |
basal cells parabasal cells intermeidate cells superficial cells |
|
The stage of the estrus cycle that is markedwith predominantly red blood cells is |
proestrus |
|
Estrogen is the predominant hormone during metestrus |
FALSE |
|
Through cytological examination of the vaginal smear, optimum breeding times can be managed. |
FALSE |
|
Which are included in the components of the immune system? |
B-lymphocytes T-lymphocytes Macrophages |
|
The ELISA test for FeLV tests for exposure to the disease. |
TRUE |
|
Lymphocyte counts are a very crude estimate in evaluating a cell mediated response of the immune system. |
TRUE |
|
There is not presently a good test for FIP. |
TRUE |
|
Renal failure may depress red blood cell formation. |
TRUE |
|
Hemolytic anemia is the type of anemia that shows the most regenerative response. |
TRUE |
|
TRUE OR FALSE: The Monocyte is the body's first line of defense in infection. |
FALSE |
|
TRUE OR FALSE: Lymphocytes are the primary cellular components of the antibody producing system. |
TRUE |
|
True or False: When using serological test kits, it is important that the directions be followed carefully. |
TRUE |
|
Which of the following is an example of a coronavirus? |
FIP |
|
Which of the following diseases in cats is similar to parvo virus in dogs: |
Feline Distemper |
|
Are vaccine-associated sarcomas a concern when vaccinating cats? |
TRUE |
|
True or False: Animals in the recovery phase of an infectious disease is resistant to reinfection. |
TRUE |
|
True or False: No test is 100% accurate at all times andunder all conditions |
TRUE |
|
The maternal immunity in young kittens does interfere with FeLV diagnostic tests. |
FALSE |
|
True or False: There is presntly no good test for FIP in cats |
TRUE |
|
FeLV is considered to be a CORE vaccine for cats. |
FALSE |
|
Neoplastic cells in the blood or bone marrow. |
Leukemia |
|
Condition that can be mistaken for leukemia. It is characterized by marked leukocytosis (>50,000 /µl) and is usually the result of inflammatory disease.
|
Leukemoid |
|
A group of bone marrow disorders, usually neoplastic, characterized by proliferation of one, several, or all of the bone marrow cell lines. |
Myeloproliferative disorders |
|
List 4 normal neutrophil morphologys |
Segmented neutrophils Band neutrophils Metamyelocytes Myelocytes |
|
__________ are 0.5 to 2.0 µm angular blue grey particles, usually at the periphery of the cell.They represent aggregations of rough endoplasmic reticulum. |
Doehle bodies |
|
Name the RBC Maturation |
Rubriblast Prorubricyte Rubricyte Metarubricyte polychromatophillic rubricyte mature erythrocyte |
|
Name 3 specific cell type tumors |
(squamous cell, fibroblast, lymphoblast) |
|
composed of the same cell type |
Monomorphism |
|
variation in cellmorphology within thesame population |
Pleomorphism |
|
Variation in size and shape of cells |
anisokaryosis |
|
Name 3 Routes of Metastasis |
Hematagenous Lymphatic Implantation |
|
malignant tumors involving epithelial origin |
Carcinomas |
|
malignant tumors involving connective tissue origin |
Sarcomas |
|
Chemo for Transmissable Venereal Tumors |
vincristine |
|
Treatment of Lymphosarcoma - |
steroids, cyclophosphamide, vincristine |
|
Treatment for mast cell tumors |
steroids |
|
3 Main Categories of tumors |
Round (Discrete) Cell Tumors Epithelial Tumors Mesenchymal (Connective |
|
Name the 4 Epithelial Tumors |
Squamous Cell Basal Cell Adenomas Adenocarcinomas |
|
Name all 6 Spindle Cell Tumors (mesenchymal/connective) |
Fibrosarcoma - cartilage Osteoma - bone (young animals, fast growing) Osteosarcomas Lipoma - fatty tumor dx with x-ray Hemangiosarcoma - blood Sarcoma - trailing cytoplasm, single |
|
T or F: Mast cells contain dark granules |
TRUE |
|
Name the sites for bone marrow collection |
Dorsal iliac crest (wing of the ilium) Trochanteric fossa of proximal femur Proximal humerus Rib |
|
RBC Mature in approximately ____ days and then circulate for _______ days depending on the species. |
4-5 100-120 |
|
Granulocytes take approximately _____ days to mature and then only have a half life of @ ___ hours, before they Sequester into the tissues |
5-7 12 |
|
____ Lymphocytes are associated with the Thymus and are involved with cellular immunity. |
T |
|
____ Lymphocytes are associated with the Bursa of Fabricious and are involved with humoral immunity, specifically the production of immunoglobulins. |
B |
|
Megakaryocyte maturation takes hours and then the platelets circulate ______ days. |
6-10 |
|
Term that means no bone marrow development |
Aplastic |
|
Term that means ineffective (common cats) - an alteration in size, shape and organization in adult cells, this indicates ineffective bone marrow development |
Dysplastic |
|
Term that means Abnormal development of cells, any new, abnormal growth, one where cell multiplication is uncontrolled. |
Neoplastic |
|
> 75% cellularity, abnormal increase of a tissue or organ caused by formation of normal new cells. Indicates greater then 75% cellularity in the bone marrow |
hyperpastic |
|
< 25% cellularityaplastic- Having no tendency to develop into new tissue, no bone marrow development, incomplete or underdevlopment of a organ or tissue. Indicates less then 25% in the bone marrow |
hypoplastic |
|
____________ conditions- abnormal proliferation of bone marrow constituates. |
Myeloproliferative |
|
________ leukemia is a leukemia associated with hyperplasia and over development of lympoid tissue. |
Lymphocytic |
|
___________ disease- transfer of cells/ disease/ cancer from one organ to another. |
Metastatic neoplastic |
|
____________- abnormal increase of erythroid cells. |
Erythroid hyperplasia |
|
_______________ : The study of diseased tissue |
Histopathology |
|
____________ : The study of diseased cells |
Cytopathology |
|
Divide malignant tumors into three categories |
Epithelial Connective Tissue Round Cell |
|
__________________ They entire lesion is removed. Usually sent off for analysis, this is up to the owner. |
Excisional |
|
____________ Cut into the lesion and remove a portion of the lesion.usually done when the lesion is large and removal may compromise. |
Incisional |
|
____________ Cytology includes Skin Scrapings, Impression Smears. KOH Preps, Vaginal Cytology, and Body Fluids |
Exfoliative |
|
______________ - an abnormal collection of normal fluid. Have low total cell counts(> 500/ul) Watery fluid |
Transudates |
|
___________- an abnormal collection of abnormalfluidnHave high total cell counts(<500/ul) usualy Thick fluid |
Exudates |
|
__________ Greater than 70% nutrophils |
Acute |
|
______ ________ 50-70% are nutrophils and 30-50% are macrophages, a few eosinophils may be present. |
Chronic Active |
|
________ Greater than 50% of the cells are macrophages |
Chronic |
|
___________ When giant or epitheliod cells are present |
Granulatomous |
|
__________ are foreign substances, usually proteins,that can be viral, bacterial, or fungal. |
Antigens |
|
____________ they are responsible for the recognition and elimination or antigens. (Ab) In-responsive to antigens. |
Antibody |
|
_________ lymphocytes (humoral immunity) |
B |
|
___ lymphocytes (cell mediated immunity) |
T |
|
__________ cells - macrophages, neutrophils |
Accessory |
|
__________________ the separation of plasma proteins by molecular weight in an electric field. |
Electrophoresisois |
|
___________, a retrovirus, is the most important infectious disease agent producing fatal illness in domestic cats today. |
Feline Leukemia Virus |
|
Where does bone marrow exist in the young animal |
flat bones (sternum, ribs, pelvic bones, vertebrae) |
|
Where does bone marrow exist in the older animal |
long bones (humerus, femur) flat bones (primitive cells are still in long bones) |
|
What are the three methods of biopsy that are used for bone marrow collection? |
aspiration core incisional biopsy |
|
What are the two sites of choice for collection in both the dog and cat? |
iliac crest trochanteric fossa |
|
___________ will frequently have a specific gravity less than 1.017 |
Transudates |
|
_______have specific gravity more than 1.017 |
Exudates |
|
Transudates are frequently: |
Clear |
|
___________ are frequently cloudy |
Exudates |
|
Causes of ________ include congestive heart failure, protein losing nephropathy and hepatic insufficiency. |
transudates |
|
Causes of ________ include ruptured pyometra, peritonitis and penetrating bite wound into the abdomen or thoracic cavities. |
exudates |
|
____________________ an example of a modified transudate which shares some of the characteristics of both transudates and exudates. |
F I P (Feline Infectious Peritonitis) is |
|
The preferred site for obtaining a CSF tap in a dog is the __________________ |
cerebellomedullary cistern |
|
How long should animals be observed following a spinal tap for signs of infection? |
5 - 7 days |
|
When performing a transtracheal wash, one should direct the catheter needle through the _______________________ |
cricothyroid_membrane. |
|
How much fluid should normally be collected when performing a spinal tap? |
2cc |
|
____________- an increase in the size of an organ caused by an increase in the size of the cells rather than the number of cells. |
hypertrophy |
|
____________- an increase in the number of cells of a body part. |
hyperplasia |
|
Purulent or suppurative inflammatory responses are characterized by _____ neutrophils. |
> 85% |
|
The most common tumors in the cat are associated with which system? |
hemolymphatic system |
|
What is a commonly used drug that can be used in cancer therapy? |
prednisolone body |
|
____________ and __________ are examples of chemotherapeutic drugs that are used in veterinary medicine to treat cancer. |
Cyclophosphamide Chorambucil |
|
Myelosuppressive drugs should not be used if the WBC count drops below ______ cells/mm3. |
4,000 |
|
Toxicities to chemotherapy are seen most commonly in rapidly dividing tissues, such as ______, _________, and ________ |
bone marrow hair follicles and intestines. |
|
_________ tumors are commonly referred to as sarcoma tumorsc |
Spindle cell |
|
Tumors metastasize mainly through what three routes? |
hematagenous, lymphatic and implantation |
|
__________ may last 4 to 13 days, with an average of 9 days. |
Proestrus |
|
____________ usually lasts 4 to 13 days, with an average of 9 days. No neutrophils will be present. |
Estrus |
|
_______________ may last 2-3 months. Erythrocytes are generally absent. |
Metestrus |
|
How often should a bitch be bred during estrus? |
Every fourth day throughout the period when >90% of vaginal epithelial cells are superficial |
|
Which neoplastic cells may be seen on a vaginal cytology? |
Transitional-cell carcinoma squamous-cell carcinoma vaginal lymphosarcomas |
|
What are some disorders which may result from the malfunctioning of the immune system? |
allergies, immunodeficiency, neoplasia, or autoimmune diseases |
|
What are the two immune systems at work in vertebrate species? |
innate immune system and adaptive immune system |
|
What are the 2 components of the adaptive immune system? |
humoral immune system and cell-mediated immune system |
|
__________ abnormalitiesin serum immunoglobulins characterized by increased levels |
Gammopathies |
|
In AIHA affected cats, what are the common underlying systemic diseases seen? |
FeLV, myeloproliferative disease, Hemobartonella felis |
|
What does the Coombs Test detect the presence of, and what disease does it confirm diagnosis? |
presence of auto antibody on surface of RBCs or in serum; AIHA |
|
List the 3 types of enzyme immuno assays. |
sandwich assay for antigens indirect assay for antibodies competitive assay for drugs and hormones |
|
What are the most common species of dermatophytes? |
Microsporum Trichophyton Epidermophyton (primarily human pathogen) |
|
__________ in a common skin disease of cats caused by fungal infections with Microsporum canis, M. gypseum or Trichophyton mentagrophytes. |
Ringworm |
|
The five primary classes of immunoglobulins are ________________________ These are distinguished by the type of heavy chain found in the molecule. |
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE. |
|
____________ tests are used to demonstrate the presence of antibodies against a specific antigen in serum. |
Indirect fluorescent-antibody |
|
An increase of what electrolyte is associated with renaldisease? |
K |
|
What enzyme is responsible for breaking down starches? |
Amylase |
|
Which of the following is a test of the liver that is not anenzyme? |
Bile Acids |
|
What is a normal blood glucose? |
100 mg/dl |
|
What hormone decreases blood sugar? |
Insulin |
|
The term for too much sodium is |
Hypernatremia |
|
Which of the following tests is for the liver? |
ALT |
|
What enzyme is responsible for breaking down protein? |
Trypsin |
|
What is the old term for ALT? |
SGPT |
|
What enzyme is responsible for breaking down fats? |
Lipase |
|
When the pH of the blood drops below the normal 7.3 range,then the animal is thought to be in |
acidosis. |
|
Increases of what electrolyte may be associated withkidney disease? |
K |
|
Carbonic acid breaks down to which of the following? |
H, H20, HC03, & CO2 |
|
An increase of what electrolyte is associated with renaldisease? |
K |
|
Blood gasses are measured using what type of vacutainer? |
HEPARIN |
|
Increases of what electrolyte may be associated withmetastatic or neoplastic disease? |
Ca |
|
What hormone decreases blood sugar? |
INSULIN |
|
Calcium concentrations generally are inversely related toinorganic phosphorus. |
TRUE |
|
Serology is the branch of science primarily involved with |
antibodies or antigens |
|
Renal threshold of glucose is approximately |
175 mg/dl |
|
Cats that are hyperthyroid may show which of the following 3 clinical signs |
losing weight increased appetite Rapid heart rate |
|
The adrenal gland causes the production of |
Cortisol |
|
Which of the following tests are used in the diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism |
Dexamethasone suppression and ACTH stimulation test |
|
Which of the following tests is for the liver |
ALT |
|
The opposite of Cushing's Disease is |
Hypoadrenocorticism |
|
Hypothyroidism is NOT associated with pu/pd |
TRUE |
|
T4 IS PRODUCED BY THE |
THYROID |
|
TSH is produced in the |
pituitary gland |
|
In reference to specimen collection the Vagina is NOT considered a closed body area |
TRUE |
|
When obtaining a sample for evaluation, your biggest concern is |
Avoiding contamination from other tissues, secretions, or foreign substances |
|
Which stain is most useful when differentiating the bacterial species present on a sample smear |
Gram stain |
|
It is ok to leave anaerobic samples out overnight, as long as you package and transport them to a laboratory facility first thing in the morning |
FALSE |
|
To reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections, veterinary hospitals should only use disinfectants that: |
Are registered by the E.P.A. |
|
Nosocomial infections are most often seen in |
Large, referral practices or teaching institutions |
|
Osha stands for Occupational Safety and Hazard Administration |
FALSE |
|
Gram positive cocci will appear what color on a well gram stained slide |
PURPLE |
|
In the gram stain procedure, the safarin counterstain is |
The last solution used in the procedure, before rinsing.
|
|
On stained smears, bacteria are best identified on: |
100x oil Immersion objective. |