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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The Heart |
- Approx size of fist - 250-300 grams - 7000-9000L of blood/day - Location Mediastinum |
Interesting facts like size, weight, volume pumped/day, location. |
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Point of Maximal impulse |
- Apex rotates forward with systole - Gently beating against chest wall - Produce a pulsation |
Location within the heart Rhythm Pulsation.. |
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Pericardium |
Protective double walled sac around the heart - Parietal (outer fibrous layer) - Visceral/Epicardium (Lines the surface of heart) |
Sac with double layers want’s to protect |
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Pericardium function |
Protects and anchors the heart Prevents overfilling of the heart with blood Separated by two layers 25-50mL between Called pericardial fluid Gives the heart friction less resistance |
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Pericardial effusion |
Small accumulation Too little pericardial fluid |
Too little or too less Pericardial fluid |
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Pericardial tamponade |
- Large accumulation of pre-cardio fluid - Reduced CO |
Cardiovascular collapse |
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7 Layers of the heart |
- Fibrous pericardium - Partial layer of serous pericardium - Pericardial cavity - Visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium) - myocardium - Endocardium - Heart chamber |
Starting from the sac to the chambers |
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What is the most common organelle in Cardiac muscle? |
Mitochondria Gives cells high resistance to fatigue |
Accounts to 25% of the volume of cardiac cells |
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In what are the 4 Heart chambers |
2 ( Atria left and right ) - receives blood 2 ( Ventricles left and right ) - pumps out |
- receive incoming blood - Pump blood out |
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What separates the the heart in half? |
Atria - inreratrial septum Ventricles - interventricular Septum |
Both atrias and ventricles have different things separating them in half |
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What are the veins that enter the right atria? |
Superior vena cava, - blood returns superior to diaphragm Inferior vena cava - blood returns inferior to diaphragm Coronary sinus - blood from myocardium |
Veins the receive deoxygenated blood |
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How many pulmonary veins enter the left atria and where can they be seen? |
- 4 pulmonary veins - seen in posterior of heart |
Pulmonary veins are moving oxygenated blood into the heart from the lungs |
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What is the Auricle? |
-Small expandible muscular pouch in upper portion of atrium -Purpose: increase blood capacity of atrium (Atrial kick) |
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What are the four valves of the heart? |
- Two AV valves —> between atria and ventricles - Tricuspid —> right atrium to right ventricle - Mitral/Bicuspid —> left atrium to left ventricle |
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What are Chordae Tendineae? |
Chordae Tendineae are strong fibrous connection Between the valve, leaflets on to the ventricular side, and prevent the costs from swinging back into atrial cavity during system (They pull the walls of the ventricles inward during contraction) |
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What is AV valve function? |
-ventricles contract -forces blood against AV valve cusps -AV valves close -Papillary muscles contract -Chordae tendineae tighten |
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What do the two semi lunar valves do? What are they? |
- Allow ejection of blood from heart into arteries, prevents Backflow of blood into ventricles -Right semilunar (pulmonary valve) it connects right ventricle to pulmonary artery -left semilunar (aortic valve) it connects left ventricle to aorta |
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When do semi lunar valves open? (SL valves) |
-Ventricles contract -Intraventricular pressure falls -Blood flows back from arteries -Fills cup of semilunar valve forcing close |
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When do the semilunar valves close? |
-ventricles relax -Intraventricular pressure falls -blood flows back from arteries -fills cup of semilunar valve forcing close |
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When do valves open/close? |
-when vest recalls are contracting and Intraventricular Pressure rises above aortic pressure= valve open -when ventricles relax the back flowing blood = close valve |
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What is the pathway of blood through the heart? |
Right atrium —> tricuspid valve —> right ventricle—>pulmonary semilunar valves —> pulmonary arteries —> lungs into pulmonary veins —> left atrium —> bicuspid valve —> left ventricle —> aortic semi lunar valve —> aorta —> systemic circulation |
Starts in the right atrium, and ends out of the aorta |
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What is collateral circulation? |
Anastomoses (numerous connections) between arterioles ensures blood delivery to heart, even if major vessels are occluded |
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Where do Coronary veins travel? |
Along side, arteries and drain into right atrium, near base of inferior vena cava |
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What is collateral circulation? |
Anastomoses (numerous connections) between arterioles ensures blood delivery to heart, even if major vessels are occluded |
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Coronary circulation |
- coronary arteries fill, ventricles are relaxed -aorta recoils (elastic rebound) -pushes blood systemically and backward into the coronary arteries |
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Where does the coronary circulation branch off? |
Just above the aortic valve |
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Where does the coronary circulation branch off? |
Just above the aortic valve |
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Where is the right coronary artery? (RCA) |
In Sulcus between right atrium and right ventricle |
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Where does the marginal arteries supply? |
Surface of right ventricle |
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What does the left coronary artery (LCA) subdivide into? |
left anterior descending (LAD) - Anterior and lateral left ventricle - Anterior 2/3 interventricular septum - Most of right, and left bundle branch Circumflex coronary artery (CX) -left atrium… -inferior and lateral left ventricle -SA node and AV bundle |
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Where do arteries in Coronary circulation travel? |
Over the surface of the heart, and come out into myocardium |
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How much on the endocardium can receive 02 from cardiac chambers? |
1/10 mm (to put in perspective, 1/10 mm is 100 µm or micrometers which is the width of a human hair) |
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What happened through the process of Arterogenesis |
Anastomotic network starts to increase in size towards the area of reduced blood flow |
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What happened through the process of Arterogenesis |
Anastomotic network starts to increase in size towards the area of reduced blood flow |
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When does Arterogenesis occur? |
When Mechanoreceptors detect stress within the endothelium |
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What does the corners sinus collect? |
Majority of cardiac venous blood Opens into base of inferior vena cava |
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Where does the corner is sinus empty? |
Right atrium |
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What is the corner sinus? |
The coronary sinus Is a large Venus structure located on the posterior aspect of the left atrium The function of the corner sinus is to drain the venous blood from the majority of the heart |
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What is automaticity? |
Stimulated by nerves and self excusable (heart muscle) |
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What percentage of muscle contraction does mitochondria account for? (Cardiac) |
20-25% |
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What percent of muscle contraction does skeletal account for (cardiac) |
2% High resistance to fatigue |
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What percent of muscle contraction does skeletal account for (cardiac) |
2% High resistance to fatigue |
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How long is the cardiac cycle? |
0.8 seconds total Systole (contracts) = 0.1sec Diastole (relax) =0.7 sec |
Both under a second |
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What percent of muscle contraction does skeletal account for (cardiac) |
2% High resistance to fatigue |
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How long is the cardiac cycle? |
0.8 seconds total Systole (contracts) = 0.1sec Diastole (relax) =0.7 sec |
Both under a second |
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What is Systole? |
- Contraction on heart muscles - Blood pumped into arteries |
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What percent of muscle contraction does skeletal account for (cardiac) |
2% High resistance to fatigue |
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How long is the cardiac cycle? |
0.8 seconds total Systole (contracts) = 0.1sec Diastole (relax) =0.7 sec |
Both under a second |
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What is Systole? |
- Contraction on heart muscles - Blood pumped into arteries |
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What is diastole? |
- Relaxation of heart muscle - Heart fills with blood |
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What percent of muscle contraction does skeletal account for (cardiac) |
2% High resistance to fatigue |
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How long is the cardiac cycle? |
0.8 seconds total Systole (contracts) = 0.1sec Diastole (relax) =0.7 sec |
Both under a second |
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What is Systole? |
- Contraction on heart muscles - Blood pumped into arteries |
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What is diastole? |
- Relaxation of heart muscle - Heart fills with blood |
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What are the steps of the cardiac cycle ?/5 |
-1. Atrial Systole - 2. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction - 3. Ejection - 4. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation - 5. Passive ventricular filling |
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What percent of muscle contraction does skeletal account for (cardiac) |
2% High resistance to fatigue |
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How long is the cardiac cycle? |
0.8 seconds total Systole (contracts) = 0.1sec Diastole (relax) =0.7 sec |
Both under a second |
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What is Systole? |
- Contraction on heart muscles - Blood pumped into arteries |
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What is diastole? |
- Relaxation of heart muscle - Heart fills with blood |
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What are the steps of the cardiac cycle ?/5 |
-1. Atrial Systole - 2. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction - 3. Ejection - 4. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation - 5. Passive ventricular filling |
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What is atrial Systole? |
-Low heart, blood pressure - Blood enters from pulmonary and systemic circulation - flows into ventricles (80% passive, 20% atrial contraction) KICK -AV valves are open - SL valves are closed |
KICK |
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What is Isovolumetric ventricular Contraction |
- Ventricles close - Pressure in the ventricles increase until pressure is more than aorta/pulmonary trunks |
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Ejection and what is it? |
Opens SL valves |
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What is Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation? |
- Ventricles, relax, and pressure drops - Backflow of blood in aorta and pulmonary trunk close SL valves - Dicrotic notch - Ventricles are closed
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What is Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation? |
- Ventricles, relax, and pressure drops - Backflow of blood in aorta and pulmonary trunk close SL valves - Dicrotic notch - Ventricles are closed
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What is Passive ventricular filling? |
- Pressure in the ventricles lower than atria - AV valves close - Cycle starts again |
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What is Dicrotic Notch? |
Brief rise, in aortic pressure caused by backflow of blood rebounding off SL valves |
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What is Dicrotic Notch? |
Brief rise, in aortic pressure caused by backflow of blood rebounding off SL valves |
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What is the pressure in Right atrium? |
0-2mmHg |
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What is Dicrotic Notch? |
Brief rise, in aortic pressure caused by backflow of blood rebounding off SL valves |
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What is the pressure in Right atrium? |
0-2mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the right ventricle? |
25 systolic mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the pulmonary arteries? |
25 systolic mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the pulmonary arteries? |
25 systolic mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the left atrium? |
8-10mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the pulmonary arteries? |
25 systolic mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the left atrium? |
8-10mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the left ventricle? |
120 systole mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the pulmonary arteries? |
25 systolic mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the left atrium? |
8-10mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the left ventricle? |
120 systole mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the aorta? |
120 systole mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the pulmonary arteries? |
25 systolic mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the left atrium? |
8-10mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the left ventricle? |
120 systole mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the aorta? |
120 systole mmHg |
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What is cardiac output, (CO?) |
The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute Best indicator of adequate blood flow to peripheral tissue Product of HR x SV = CO |
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What is the pressure in the pulmonary arteries? |
25 systolic mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the left atrium? |
8-10mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the left ventricle? |
120 systole mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the aorta? |
120 systole mmHg |
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What is cardiac output, (CO?) |
The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute Best indicator of adequate blood flow to peripheral tissue Product of HR x SV = CO |
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What is cardiac reserve? |
The difference between resting and maximal O2 |
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What is the pressure in the pulmonary arteries? |
25 systolic mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the left ventricle? |
120 systole mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the aorta? |
120 systole mmHg |
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What is cardiac output, (CO?) |
The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute Best indicator of adequate blood flow to peripheral tissue Product of HR x SV = CO |
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What is cardiac reserve? |
The difference between resting and maximal O2 |
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What is the average stroke volume? |
80mL |
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What is the pressure in the pulmonary arteries? |
25 systolic mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the left atrium? |
8-10mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the left ventricle? |
120 systole mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the aorta? |
120 systole mmHg |
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What is cardiac output, (CO?) |
The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute Best indicator of adequate blood flow to peripheral tissue Product of HR x SV = CO |
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What is cardiac reserve? |
The difference between resting and maximal O2 |
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What is the average stroke volume? |
80mL |
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What is the ejection fraction? What is normal? |
The percentage of blood pumped out of ventricle each contraction Measure of ventricular function Normal = 50% and 65% |
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What is the pressure in the pulmonary arteries? |
25 systolic mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the left atrium? |
8-10mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the left ventricle? |
120 systole mmHg |
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What is the pressure in the aorta? |
120 systole mmHg |
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What is cardiac output, (CO?) |
The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute Best indicator of adequate blood flow to peripheral tissue Product of HR x SV = CO |
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What is cardiac reserve? |
The difference between resting and maximal O2 |
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What is the average stroke volume? |
80mL |
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What is the ejection fraction? What is normal? |
The percentage of blood pumped out of ventricle each contraction Measure of ventricular function Normal = 50% and 65% |
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What is stroke volume? |
End Diastolic volume (EDV) minus End Systolic Volume (ESV) (EDV) - (ESV) = (SV) |
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What is EDV? |
Amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole |
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What is EDV? |
Amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole |
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What is ESV? |
Amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction |
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What is EDV? |
Amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole |
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What is ESV? |
Amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction |
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What factors affect the stroke, volume? |
Venous return Preload Contractility Afterload |
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What is EDV? |
Amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole |
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What is ESV? |
Amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction |
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What factors affect the stroke, volume? |
Venous return Preload Contractility Afterload |
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What is EDV? |
Amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole |
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What is ESV? |
Amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction |
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What factors affect the stroke, volume? |
Venous return Preload Contractility Afterload |
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What is venous return? |
Amount of venous blood returned to heart |
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What is EDV? |
Amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole |
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What is ESV? |
Amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction |
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What factors affect the stroke, volume? |
Venous return Preload Contractility Afterload |
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What is venous return? |
Amount of venous blood returned to heart |
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What is preload? |
Amounts ventricles are stretched, be contained blood Or The pressure under which the ventricle fills |
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What is a critical factor controlling SV? |
Pre-load of cardiac muscle cells before they contract |
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What is a critical factor controlling SV? |
Pre-load of cardiac muscle cells before they contract |
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SV increases when? or decreases when? |
- Slow HP, & exercise increases venous, return to the heart equals increase SV - Blood loss and rapid HB equals decreased SV Hb = Haemoglobin |
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What is a critical factor controlling SV? |
Pre-load of cardiac muscle cells before they contract |
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SV increases when? or decreases when? |
- Slow HP, & exercise increases venous, return to the heart equals increase SV - Blood loss and rapid HB equals decreased SV Hb = Haemoglobin |
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What is the frank starling law? |
- More blood in, more blood out - The greater the volume of blood in the ventricle stronger the contraction - Increased filling time and blood volume equals increased. SV |
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What is contractility? |
The increase in contractile strength, independent of stretch, and EDV |
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What is contractility? |
The increase in contractile strength, independent of stretch, and EDV |
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Where does an increase in contractility come from? |
- Increased, sympathetic stimuli - Certain hormones - Ca2+ and some drugs |
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What is contractility? |
The increase in contractile strength, independent of stretch, and EDV |
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Where does an increase in contractility come from? |
- Increased, sympathetic stimuli - Certain hormones - Ca2+ and some drugs |
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What does a decrease in contractility come from? |
- Acidosis - Increased extracurricular K+ - Beta blockers and calcium channel blockers (AKA: Cardiac Drugs) |
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What are the signs and symptoms of decreased CO? |
Acute changes in BP Acute changes in mental status Cold, clammy skin Colour changes in skin and mucous membranes Crackles/rales Dyspnea(shortness of breath) Dysrhythmias(irregular heartbeat) Fatigue Orthopnea Restlessness |
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