Midterm Review

Front 1

Know your levels of organization (cells, tissues, etc...)

Back 1

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms.

Front 2

Review negative feedback loops.

Back 2

Back (Definition)

Front 3

What do the prefixes “hypo” and “hyper” mean?

Back 3

Hyper- excess or exaggeration.

Hypo- under or beneath.

Front 4

Know your directional terms such as posterior, anterior, ventral, etc...

Back 4

Posterior- toward the dorsal side.

Anterior- toward the ventral side.

Ventral- toward the front or belly.

Abduction- movement of a body part away from the medial plane, as in raising an arm away from the side of the body.

Adduction- movement of a body part toward the medial plane, such as bringing the feet together from a spread-legged position.

Front 5

What is homeostasis?

Back 5

The tendency of a living body to regulate itself to keep everything about itself as constant as possible.

Front 6

What subatomic particle determines the bonding of an atom?

Back 6

Electrons, specifically Valence electrons.

Front 7

Know the chemical formulas for reactions (single replacement, double replacement, decomposition, etc...)

Back 7

Back (Definition)

Hint 7

??? CHECK IF ANSWER IS CORRECT OR NOT! ???

Front 8

What is the difference in glucose and starch?

Back 8

Glucose (a.k.a. sugar) are disaccharides or monosaccharides. Starch is a polysaccharide.

Front 9

What are the functions of proteins?

Back 9

1. Growth and maintenance, 2. Causes biochemical reactions, 3. Acts as a messenger, 4. Provides structure, 5. Maintains proper pH, 6. Balances fluids, 7. Bolsters immune health, 8. Transports & stores nutrients, 9. Provides energy

Front 10

What occurs during anaphase?

Back 10

The spindle fibres pull the chromosomes apart so that there are two identical sets of chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell. Now, the cell is ready for telophase.

Front 11

Where does transcription and translation occur?

Back 11

Back (Definition)

Front 12

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

Back 12

Stratum nasals.

Front 13

What is the fluid outside the cell?

Back 13

Extracellular fluid

Front 14

What is the most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane?

Back 14

Proteins and phospholipids

Hint 14

There are 2!!!

Front 15

What term describes white blood cells engulfing bacteria?

Back 15

Phagocytosis

Front 16

Know the importance of adipose tissue.

Back 16

Serves primarily as an energy reservoir

Front 17

Know the 4 primary tissues found in an adult.

Back 17

Epithelial, connective, nervous and muscular

Front 18

What gives an ear its shape?

Back 18

Cartilage

Front 19

Describe a skeletal muscle.

Back 19

It is a type of visceral muscle. Skeletal muscle is voluntary. You are in direct control of your skeletal muscles. The skeletal muscle, or striated muscle is the muscle attached to the skeleton. Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons.

Front 20

Know the difference in physical appearance of squamous, cuboidal and columnar cells.

Back 20

Squamous: thin, flat, scaly shape. Lines the esophagus & forms the surface layer (epidermis) of the skin.

Cuboidal: squarish and about equal in height and width. Good examples are found in the kidney tubules and liver.

Columnar: distinctly taller than wide, such as the inner lining cells of the stomach and intestines.

Front 21

Know what cells can be found in the epidermis.

Back 21

Keratinocytes, dentritic cells, melanocytes, tactile cells and stem cells.

Front 22

What gives lips a red color?

Back 22

Blood vessels under the surface of the skin.

Front 23

Describe the skin during anemia?

Back 23

Pale white skin, in some cases skin may be yellowish in appearance and mistaken for jaundice.

Front 24

What is another name for sweat glands?

Back 24

Sudoriferous glands

Front 25

What type of holocrine gland produces oils?

Back 25

Sebaceous gland

Front 26

What is the purpose of osteoblasts?

Back 26

To synthesize the organic matter of bone and deposit matrix.

Front 27

What structure in the knee prevents hyperextension?

Back 27

The ACL (anterior curiae ligament).

Front 28

What is the neurotransmitter for skeletal muscles?

Back 28

Acetylcholine.

Front 29

One somatic motor neuron is stimulated by how many muscle fibers?

Back 29

Zero

Front 30

What is the antagonist for the triceps brachii?

Back 30

Biceps brachii.

Front 31

What is an axon?

Back 31

Back (Definition)

Front 32

What forms the myelin sheath in the spinal cord?

Back 32

Oligodendrocytes.

Front 33

How do long bones gain length?

Back 33

A long bone grows in length by multiplication of cells in the epiphyseal plate of cartilage.

Front 34

Know the importance and purpose of calcium in the body.

Back 34

Calcium helps maintain heart rhythm, muscle function, it’s crucial in growing new bone and maintaining bone strength.

Front 35

Know the breakdown of ribs. In other words which are true, false, floating...

Back 35

There are usually 12 pairs of ribs in all. Each pair of ribs is attached to the building blocks of the spine (the vertebrae) in the back. The 12 pairs of ribs consist of:

True ribs: The first seven ribs attach to the sternum (the breast bone) in the front and are known as true (or sternal) ribs.

False ribs: The lower five ribs do not directly connect to the sternum and are known as false ribs.

The upper three false ribs connect to the costal cartilages of the ribs just above them. The last two false ribs, however, usually have no ventral attachment (no anchor at all in front) and are called floating, fluctuating or vertebral ribs.

Front 36

Explain an isotonic contraction.

Back 36

-tension in the muscles remains constant while the muscle changes shape

-used to produce body movements and for moving objects

*In other words, tension (force or contraction) developed by the muscle remains almost constant while the muscle change its length.*

Front 37

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid found?

Back 37

Cerebrospinal fluid is found in the subarachnoid space, or the region between the arachnoid and pia maters, surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

The fluid found within the ventricles of the brain is called cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF.

Front 38

What is a ganglion?

Back 38

It is a cluster of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), often resembling a knot in a string.

Hint 38

??? CHECK TO SEE IF ANSWER(S) IS/ARE CORRECT! ???

Front 39

Know how particles can leave the cell. You will be given a list of terms and you have to choose which one is NOT a way for particles to leave the cell.

Back 39

*Pinocytosis is NOT a way for particles to leave the cell!*

Hint 39

*NOT FINISHED; card incomplete!*

Front 40

Most of the neurons in the nervous system are ________.

Back 40

Interneurons

Front 41

What is the most distal end of the neuron?

Back 41

The distal end of a neuron is the axon, an extension that arises from the soma (cell body).

Front 42

The gray matter through which motor nerve signals leave the spinal cord is called the ______.

Back 42

Anterior horn.

Front 43

Where is the arbor vitae found?

Back 43

Cerebellum.