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340 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hormone
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Substance produced in one part of an organism that affects another part of the same organism
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Target cell
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Cell that has a receptor for a particular hormone
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Phototropism
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Tendency of plants to grow toward a source of light
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Auxin
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Substance produced in the tip of a seedling that stimulates cell elongation
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Gravitropism
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Response of a plant to the force of gravity
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Lateral bud
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Meristematic area on the side of a stem that gives rise to side branches
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Apical dominance
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Phenomenon in which the closer a bud is to the stem's tip, the more its growth is inhibited
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Herbicide
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Compound that is toxic to plants
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Cytokinin
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Plant hormone produced in growing roots and in developing fruits and seeds
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Gibberellin
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Growth-promoting substance produced by plants
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Ethylene
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Plant hormone that stimulates fruits to ripen
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Tropism
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Response of a plant to an external stimulus
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Thigmotropism
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Response of plants to touch
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Short-day plant
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Plant that flowers when daylight is short
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Long-day plant
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Plant that flowers when days are long
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Photoperiodism
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Response of plants to periods of light and darkness
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Phytochrome
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Plant pigment responsible for photoperiodism
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Dormancy
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Period of time during which a plant embryo is alive but not growing
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Abscission layer
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Layer of cells at the petiole that seals off a leaf from the vascular system
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Xerophyte
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Plant that lives in the desert biome
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Epiphyte
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Plant that is not rooted in soil but instead grows directly on the body of another plant
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Specialized cell
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Cell that is uniquely suited to performing a particular function
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Epithelial tissue
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Tissue that covers the surface of the body and lines internal organs
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Connective tissue
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Tissue that holds organs in place and binds different parts of the body together
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Nervous tissue
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Tissue that receives messages from the body's external and internal environment, analyzes the data, and directs the response
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Muscle tissue
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Tissue that controls the internal movement of materials in the body, as well as external movement
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Homeostasis
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Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
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Feedback inhibition
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Process in which the product or result stops or limits the process
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Neuron
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Cell that carries messages throughout the nervous system
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Cell body
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Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm
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Dendrite
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Extension of the cell body of a neuron that carries impulses from the environment or from other neurons toward the cell body
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Axon
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Long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body of a neuron
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Myelin sheath
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Insulating membrane surrounding the axon in some neurons
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Resting potential
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Electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron
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Action potential
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Reversal of charges across the cell membrane of a neuron; also called a nerve impulse
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Threshold
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Minimum level of a stimulus required to activate a neuron
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Synapse
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Location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemical used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell
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Meninges
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Three layers of connective tissue in which the brain and spinal cord are wrapped
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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Fluid in the space between the meninges that acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system
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Cerebrum
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Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body
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Cerebellum
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Region of the brain that coordinates body movements
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Brain stem
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Structure that connects the brain and spinal cord; includes the medulla oblongata and the pons
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Thalamus
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Brain structure that receives messages from the sense organs and relays the information to the proper region of the cerebrum for further processing
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Hypothalamus
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Brain structure that acts as a control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature
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Reflex
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Quick automatic response to a stimulus
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Reflex arc
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Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, and effector that are involved in a quick response to a stimulus
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Sensory receptor
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Neuron that reacts to a specific stimulus, such as light or sound, by sending impulses to other neurons and eventually to the central nervous system
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Pupil
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Small opening in the middle of the iris through which light enters the eye
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Lens
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Transparent object behind the iris that changes shape to help adjust the eye's focus to see near or distant objects
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Retina
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Innermost layer of the eye; contains photoreceptors
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Rod
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Photoreceptor in eye that is sensitive to light but not to colors
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Cone
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In gymnosperms, a seed-bearing structure; in the retina of the eye, a photoreceptor that responds to light of different colors, producing color vision
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Cochlea
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Fluid-filled part of the inner ear; sends nerve impulses to the brain through the cochlear nerve
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Semicircular canal
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One of three structures within the inner ear that help monitor the position of the body
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Taste bud
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Sense organ that detects the flavor of a substance
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Drug
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Any substance, other than food, that causes a change in the structure or function of the body
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Stimulant
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Drug that speeds up the actions regulated by the nervous system
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Depressant
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Drug that decreases the rate of functions regulated by the brain
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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Group of birth defects caused by the effects of alcohol on a fetus
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Drug abuse
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Intentional misuse of any drug for nonmedical purposes
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Addiction
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Uncontrollable dependence on a drug
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Periosteum
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Tough layer of connective tissue surrounding a bone
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Haversian Canal
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One of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves
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Bone marrow
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Soft tissue inside the cavities within bones
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Cartilage
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Strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone
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Ossification
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Process of bone formation, during which cartilage is replaced by bone
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Joint
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Place where one bone attaches to another
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Ligament
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Strip of tough connective tissue that holds bones together at a joint
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Myosin
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Protein that makes up the thick filaments in striations in skeletal muscle cells
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Actin
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A protein that mainly makes up the thin filaments in striations in skeletal muscle cells
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Neuromuscular junction
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Point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell
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Acetylcholine
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Neurotransmitter that diffuses across a synapse and produces an impulse in the cell membrane of a muscle cell
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Tendon
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Tough connective tissue that joins skeletal muscles to bones
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Epidermis
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Outer layer of the skin
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Keratin
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Tough, fibrous protein found in skin
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Melanin
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Dark-brown pigment found in skin
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Dermis
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Inner layer of the skin
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Hair follicle
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Tubelike pocket of epidermal cells that extends into the dermis; cells at the base of hair follicles produce hair
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Myocardium
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Thick middle muscle layer of the heart; pumps blood through the circulatory system
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Atrium
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Upper chamber of the heart that receives and holds blood that is about to enter the ventricle
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Ventricle
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Lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart
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Pulmonary circulation
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Pathway of circulation between the heart and the lungs
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Systemic circulation
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Pathway of circulation between the heart and the rest of the body except the lungs
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Valve
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Flap of connective tissue between an atrium and a ventricle, or in a vein, that prevents backflow of blood
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Pacemaker
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Small group of cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium that “set the pace” for the heart as a whole; also known as the sinoatrial node
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Aorta
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Large blood vessel in mammals through which blood travels after it leaves the left ventricle
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Artery
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Large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the tissues of the body
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Capillary
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Smallest blood vessel; brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbs carbon dioxide and waste products
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Vein
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In plants, a cluster of vascular tissue in leaves; in animals, a blood vessel that returns blood to the heart
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Atherosclerosis
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Condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries
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Plasma
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Straw-colored fluid that makes up about 55 percent of blood
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Hemoglobin
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Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body
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Phagocyte
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White blood cell that engulfs and digests foreign cells
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Lymphocyte
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Type of white blood cell that produces antibodies that help destroy pathogens
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Platelet
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Cell fragment released by bone marrow that helps in blood clotting
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Lymph
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Fluid lost by the blood into surrounding tissue
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Pharynx
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Muscular tube at the end of the gastrovascular cavity, or throat, that connects the mouth with the rest of the digestive tract and serves as a passageway for air and food
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Trachea
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Windpipe; tube through which air moves
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Larynx
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Structure in the throat containing the vocal cords
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Bronchus
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Passageway leading from the trachea to a lung
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Alveolus
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Tiny air sac at the end of a bronchiole in the lungs that provides surface area for gas exchange to occur
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Diaphragm
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Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing
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Nicotine
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Stimulant drug in tobacco that increases heart rate and blood pressure
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Emphysema
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Disease in which the tissues of the lungs lose elasticity, making breathing very difficult
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Calorie
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Term used by scientists to measure the energy stored in foods; 1000 calories
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Carbohydrate
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Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body
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Fat
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Lipid; made up of fatty acids and glycerol; protects body organs, insulates body, and stores energy in the body
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Protein
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Macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes
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Vitamin
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Organic molecule that helps regulate body processes
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Mineral
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Inorganic nutrient the body needs, usually in small amounts
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Amylase
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Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches
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Esophagus
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Food tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
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Peristalsis
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Rhythmic muscular contractions that squeeze food through the esophagus into the stomach
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Stomach
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Large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food
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Chyme
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Mixture of stomach fluids and food produced in the stomach by contracting stomach muscles
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Small intestine
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Digestive organ in which most chemical digestion takes place
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Pancreas
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Gland that produces hormones that regulate blood sugar; produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids; and produces sodium bicarbonate, a base that neutralizes stomach acid
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Liver
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Large organ just above the stomach that produces bile, a fluid loaded with lipids and salts
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Villus
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Folded projection that increases the surface area of the walls of the small intestine
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Large intestine
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Colon; organ that removes water from the undigested materials that pass through it
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Kidney
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Organ that removes urea, excess water, and other waste products from the blood and passes them to the ureter
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Ureter
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Tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
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Urinary bladder
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Saclike organ in which urine is stored before being excreted
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Nephron
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Blood-filtering unit in the renal cortex of the kidney
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Filtration
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Process by which a liquid or gas passes through a filter to remove wastes
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Glomerulus
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Small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of a nephron; where the filtration of blood takes place
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Bowman's capsule
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Cup-shaped structure in the upper end of a nephron that encases the glomerulus
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Reabsorption
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Process in which liquid is taken back into a vessel
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Loop of Henle
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Section of the nephron tubule that conserves water and minimizes the volume of urine
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Urethra
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Tube that carries urine from the bladder and releases it from the body; in males, tube through which semen is released from the body
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Hormone
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Substance produced in one part of an organism that affects another part of the same organism
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Target cell
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Cell that has a receptor for a particular hormone
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Exocrine gland
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Gland that releases its secretions through tubelike structures called ducts
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Endocrine gland
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Gland that releases its secretions directly into the bloodstream
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Prostaglandin
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Hormonelike modified fatty acid produced by a wide range of cells; generally affects only nearby cells and tissues
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Pituitary gland
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Gland in the base of the skull that secretes nine hormones that directly regulate many body functions and control the actions of several other endocrine glands
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Diabetes mellitus
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Condition that occurs when the pancreas produces too little insulin, resulting in an increase in the level of blood glucose
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Ovary
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In plants, a flower structure that contains one or more ovules from which female gametophytes are produced; in animals, the female gonad that produces eggs
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Testis
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Male gonad that produces sperm
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Puberty
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Period of rapid growth and sexual maturation during which the reproductive system becomes fully functional
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Disease
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Any change, other than an injury, that disrupts the normal functions of the body
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Pathogen
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Disease-causing agent
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Germ theory of disease
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Idea that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, or germs
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Koch's postulates
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Series of guidelines used to identify the microorganism that causes a specific disease
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Vector
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Animal that carries pathogens from person to person
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Antibiotic
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Compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria
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Immunity
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Ability of the body to resist a specific pathogen
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Inflammatory response
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Nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection
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Fever
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Elevated body temperature that occurs in response to infection
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Interferon
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One of a group of proteins that help cells resist viral infection
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Immune response
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The body's specific defenses that attack a disease-causing agent
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Antigen
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Substance that triggers an immune response
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Humoral Immunity
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Immunity against antigens and pathogens in the body fluids
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Cell-mediated immunity
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Immunity against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells
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Antibody
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Protein that helps destroy pathogens
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Vaccination
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Injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to produce immunity
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Active immunity
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Immunity produced by exposure to an antigen, as a result of the immune response
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Passive immunity
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Short-term immunity caused when antibodies produced by other animals for a pathogen are injected into the body
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Allergy
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Overreaction of the immune system to antigens
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Histamine
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Chemical released by activated mast cells that increases the flow of blood and fluids to the surrounding area
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Asthma
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Chronic respiratory disease in which the air passageways become narrower than normal
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Risk factor
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Anything that increases the chance of disease or injury
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Tumor
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Mass of growing tissue
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Carcinogen
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Chemical compound known to cause cancer
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Science
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Organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world; also, the body of knowledge that scientists have built up after years of using this process
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Observation
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Use of one or more of the senses—sight, hearing, touch, smell, and sometimes taste—to gather information
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Data
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Evidence or information gathered from observations
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Inference
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Logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience
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Hypothesis
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Possible explanation for a set of observations; possible answer to a scientific question
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Spontaneous generation
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Hypothesis (disproven) stating that life could arise from nonliving matter
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Controlled experiment
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A test of the effect of a single variable by changing it while keeping all other variables the same
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Manipulated variable
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Factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes; also known as independent variable
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Responding variable
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Factor in an experiment that a scientist wants to observe, which may change in response to the manipulated variable; also known as a dependent variable
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Theory
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Well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
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Biology
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Science that seeks to understand the living world
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Cell
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Collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings; basic unit of all forms of life
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Sexual reproduction
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Process by which cells from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism
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Asexual reproduction
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Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
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Metabolism
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Set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
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Stimulus
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A signal to which an organism responds
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Homeostasis
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Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
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Evolution
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Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
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Metric system
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Decimal system of measurement based on certain physical standards and scaled on multiples of 10
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Microscope
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Device that produces magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye
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Compound light microscope
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Microscope that allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image
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Electron microscope
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Microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen
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Cell culture
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Group of cells grown in a nutrient solution from a single original cell
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Cell fractionation
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Technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated
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Atom
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Basic unit of matter
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Nucleus
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The center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, structure that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities
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Electron
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Negatively charged particle; located outside the atomic nucleus
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Element
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Substance consisting entirely of one type of atom
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Isotope
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Atom of an element that has a number of neutrons different from that of other atoms of the same element
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Compound
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Substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions
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Chemical bond
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Link that holds together atoms in compounds
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Ionic bond
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Bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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Ion
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Atom that has a positive or negative charge
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Covalent bond
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Bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
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Molecule
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Smallest unit of most compounds
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Van Der Waals Forces
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A slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
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Cohesion
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Attraction between molecules of the same substance
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Adhesion
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Attraction between molecules of different substances; in plants, attraction between unlike molecules
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Mixture
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Material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined
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Solution
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Mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed
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Solute
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Substance that is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution
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Solvent
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Substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution
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Suspension
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Mixture of water and non-dissolved materials
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Ph scale
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Measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14
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Acid
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Compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
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Base
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Compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH+) in solution
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Buffer
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Weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in ph
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Monomer
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Small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
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Polymer
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Large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
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Carbohydrate
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Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body
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Monosaccharide
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Single sugar molecule
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Polysaccharide
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Large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides
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Lipid
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Macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes
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Nucleic acid
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Macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
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Nucleotide
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Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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Single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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Nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose
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Protein
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Macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes
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Amino acid
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Compound with an amino group (−NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (−COOH) on the other end
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Chemical reaction
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Process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals
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Reactant
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Element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction
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Product
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Element or compound produced by a chemical reaction
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Activation energy
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Energy needed to get a reaction started
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Catalyst
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Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
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Enzyme
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Protein that acts as a biological catalyst
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Substrate
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Reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
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Cell
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Collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings; basic unit of all forms of life
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Cell theory
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Idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
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Nucleus
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The center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, structure that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities
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Eukaryote
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Organism whose cells contain nuclei
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Prokaryote
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Unicellular organism lacking a nucleus
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Organelle
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Specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
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Cytoplasm
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Material inside the cell membrane—not including the nucleus
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Nuclear envelope
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Layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell
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Chromatin
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Granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
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Chromosome
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Threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next
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Nucleolus
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Small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins
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Ribosome
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Small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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Internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified
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Golgi apparatus
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Stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
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Lysosome
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Cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
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Vacuole
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Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
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Mitochondrion
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Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
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Chloroplast
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Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
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Cytoskeleton
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Network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement
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Centriole
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One of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope
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Cell membrane
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Thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
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Cell wall
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Strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
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Lipid Bilayer
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Double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes
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Concentration
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The mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume
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Diffusion
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Process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
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Equilibrium
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When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution
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Osmosis
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Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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Isotonic
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When the concentration of two solutions is the same
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Hypertonic
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When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
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Hypotonic
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When comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
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Facilitated diffusion
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Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
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Active transport
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Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
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Endocytosis
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Process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
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Phagocytosis
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Process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell
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Pinocytosis
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Process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment
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Exocytosis
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Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
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Cell specialization
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The process in which cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks
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Tissue
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Group of similar cells that perform a particular function
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Organ
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Group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions
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Organ system
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Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
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Chapter 8: Photosynthesis
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Autotroph
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Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer
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Heterotroph
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Organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy
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Photosynthesis
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Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
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Pigment
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Light-absorbing molecule
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Chlorophyll
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Principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy
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Thylakoid
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Saclike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts
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Photosystem
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Light-collecting units of the chloroplast
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Stroma
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Region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts
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NADP+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate)
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One of the carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules
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Light-dependent reactions
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Reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
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ATP Synthase
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Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP
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Calvin cycle
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Reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars
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Chapter 22: Plant Diversity
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Vascular tissue
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Type of plant tissue specialized to conduct water and nutrients throughout a plant
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Tracheid
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Hollow plant cell in xylem tissue with thick cell walls that resist pressure
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Xylem
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Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant
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Phloem
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Vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis
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Lignin
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Substance in vascular plants that makes cell walls rigid
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Root
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Underground organ in plants that absorbs water and minerals
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Leaf
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Photosynthetic organ that contains one or more bundles of vascular tissue
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Vein
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In plants, a cluster of vascular tissue in leaves; in animals, a blood vessel that returns blood to the heart
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Stem
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Supporting structure that connects roots and leaves and carries water and nutrients between them
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Chapter 23: Roots, Stems, and Leaves
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Epidermal cell
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Cell that makes up the dermal tissue, which is the outer covering of a plant
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Cuticle
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In plants, a thick waxy layer on exposed outer surfaces of cells that protects them against water loss and injury
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Trichome
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Tiny cellular projection on the surfaces of some leaves that helps protect the leaf and also gives it a fuzzy appearance
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Vessel element
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In angiosperms, xylem cell that forms part of a continuous tube through which water can move
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Sieve tube element
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Phloem cell that is joined end-to-end to similar cells to form a continuous sieve tube
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Companion cell
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Phloem cell that surrounds sieve tube elements
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Parenchyma
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Type of ground-tissue cell with a thin cell wall and large central vacuole
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Collenchyma
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Type of ground tissue cell with a strong, flexible cell wall; helps support larger plants
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Sclerenchyma
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Type of ground-tissue cell with an extremely thick, rigid cell wall that makes ground tissue tough and strong
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Meristem
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Cluster of tissue that is responsible for continuing growth throughout a plant's lifetime
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Meristematic Tissue
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Plant tissue found only in the tips of shoots and roots; responsible for plant growth
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Apical Meristem
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Group of undifferentiated cells that divide to produce increased length of stems and roots
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Differentiation
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Process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
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Taproot
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Primary root found in some plants that grows longer and thicker than other roots
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Fibrous root
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Part of a root system in which roots branch to such an extent that no single root grows larger than the rest
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Root hair
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Tiny projection from the outer surface, or epidermis, of a root
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Cortex
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Spongy layer of ground tissue just inside the epidermis of a root
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Endodermis
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Layer of cells that completely encloses vascular tissue
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Vascular cylinder
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Central region of a root that includes the vascular tissue—xylem and phloem
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Root cap
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Tough structure that protects a root as it forces its way through the soil
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Casparian Strip
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Waterproof strip that surrounds plant endodermis cells
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Node
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Point on a stem where a leaf is attached
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Internode
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Region between nodes on plant stems
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Bud
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Plant structure containing undeveloped tissue that can produce new stems and leaves
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Vascular bundle
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Plant stem structure that contains xylem and phloem tissue
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Pith
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Parenchyma cells inside the ring of vascular tissue in dicot stems
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Primary growth
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Type of plant growth that occurs at the tips of roots and shoots
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Secondary growth
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Pattern of plant growth in which stems increase in width
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Vascular cambium
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Lateral meristematic tissue that produces vascular tissues and increases the thickness of the stem over time
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Cork cambium
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Lateral meristematic tissue that produces the outer covering of stems
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Heartwood
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Older xylem near the center of a woody stem that no longer conducts water
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Sapwood
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Area in plants that surrounds heartwood and is active in fluid transport
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Bark
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Tree structure that includes all tissues outside the vascular cambium, including phloem, the cork cambium, and cork
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Blade
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Thin, flattened section of a plant leaf that collects sunlight
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Petiole
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Thin stalk by which a leaf blade is attached to a stem
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Mesophyll
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Specialized ground tissue that makes up the bulk of most leaves; performs most of a plant's photosynthesis
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Palisade Mesophyll
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Layer of tall, column-shaped mesophyll cells just under the upper epidermis of a leaf
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Spongy mesophyll
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Loose tissue beneath the palisade layer of a leaf; has many air spaces between its cells
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Stoma
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Opening in the underside of a leaf that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf
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Guard cell
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Specialized cell in the epidermis of plants that controls the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure
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Transpiration
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Loss of water from a plant through its leaves
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Adhesion
|
Attraction between molecules of different substances; in plants, attraction between unlike molecules
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Capillary action
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Tendency of water to rise in a thin tube
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Pressure-flow hypothesis
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Hypothesis that considers plants in terms of where they produce and use materials from photosynthesis
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