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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Solon |
outlawed slavery based on debt; classes based on wealth rather than heredity; free adult males were citizens; Council of 400; lowest class could vote in assembly |
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Cleisthenes |
reorganized assembly to balance power between the rich and the poor; allowed all citizens to submit laws for debate and passage; Council of 500; council members chosen at random among citizens |
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Pericles |
increased number of paid public officials & paid jurors; Athens became direct democracy from citizens more participated in government |
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Socrates |
encouraged people to examine most closely held beliefs; question and answer method |
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Plato |
society governed no by the richest or most powerful; but by the wisest |
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Aristotle |
examined the nature of the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge |
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patricians |
aristocratic landowners who held the most power; inherited power and social status; senate |
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plebeians |
common farmers, artisans, & merchants; citizens of Rome with the right to vote; couldn't hold important government positions |
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Justinian |
produced written Roman laws |
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William, Duke of Normandy |
fought the Battle of Hastings; end of feudalism; beginnings of central government; development of demoncracy |
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Henry II |
developed the jury trial; brought England to unify under a single legal system; common law |
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King John |
fought costly war with France; raised taxes; forced to sign the Magna Carta; |
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Parliament |
voted on taxes; passed laws; advised on royal policies |
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Elizabeth I |
last Tudor monarch of England; defeated Spanish Armada; supported Protestants |
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James I |
Puritans wanted to change the Church; used Star Chamber instead of Parliament; in debt |
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Charles I |
forced to accept Petition of Rights; ignored Parliament; received no help when needed; English Civil War; tyrant, murderer, executed |
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Oliver Cromwell |
established republic; Commonwealth of England; created Protectorate instead of Parliament; authoritarian |
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William and Mary |
Protestant; signed Bill of Rights; constitutional monarchy |
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Hobbes |
social contract; people were by nature selfish and ambitious; absolute monarchy to control government |
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Locke |
natural rights; life, liberty; property; people had right to rebel against govt. if rights were not protected; against divine rights; people can learn from experience and improve themsleves |
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Voltaire |
argued in favor of tolerance; freedom of religion; free speech |
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Rousseau |
social contract; agreement among free individuals to create a govt. that would respond to the people's free will; consent of the governed; civilization corrupted natural goodness |
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Montesquieu |
British had the best govt.; separation of powers; three branches |
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Phillip II |
empire circled the globe; empire brought wealth; launched Spanish Armada |
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Henry of Navarre |
gave up Protestantism for Catholics; created Edict of Nantes; Huguenots live in peace |
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Cardinal Richelieu |
exercised authority; against Huguenots; increased power of govt. agents to decrease noble power |
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Louis XIV |
threatened; became stronger; increased power of intendant's; brought nobles to live in Versailles; luxurious king; wars to expand; weakened France |
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Aristotle |
Plato's student; geocentric theory |
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Ptolemy |
Christianity taught that God placed earth at the center of the universe |
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Copernicus |
heliocentric theory; didn't publish ideas until death |
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Brahe |
found huge amounts of data for heliocentric theory |
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Kepler |
planets revolve in elliptical orbits around the sun |
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Galileo |
supported Copernicus; silenced by the Church |
