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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Disease |
Any alteration in the normal structure or function of any part or all of the body. |
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Etiology |
The study of the cause of disease |
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Pathogenesis |
how disease develop |
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prognosis |
the expected outcome of a disease |
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communicable disease |
a disease that can be transffered between individuals |
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degenerative disease |
structure/function worsens with time |
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Idiopathic |
disease with no identifiable cause |
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Iatrogenic |
disease that occur as a result of medical treatment |
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congenital |
a disease that is present from birth |
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signs |
manifestation of a disease that is noted by an observer (e.g. temperature measure to be 39 degrees C) |
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symptoms |
subjective complaint made by person with disease (e.g. i feel hot) |
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Syndrome |
combination of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a disease |
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remission |
period during which there is decrease in severity of disease |
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exacerbation |
aggravation of severity of disease |
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Atrophy |
- decrease in size. - May be normal (eg. thymus gland) or pathological (eg. muscle, brain) |
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Hypertrophy |
- Increase in size - especially found with kidneys and heart. In heart, the cells cannot undergo mitosis, so to adapt to increased workload, the cells increase in size. - May be normal or pathological |
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Hyperplasia |
- Increase in the number of cells - found in tissues capable of mitosis - May be normal (wound healing/replacement of lost tissue) or pathological (warts) |
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Metaplasia |
- Reversible replacement of one mature cell by another, sometimes less differentiated, cell type, usually due to chronic irritation. - Can be reversed if stimulus is removed |
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Displasia |
- Not considered a true adaptive process, rather as an atypical hyperplasia. - Abnormal changes in size, shape and organization of mature cells. - Rate of mitosis usually increased. - often found with cancerous cells in cervix, respiatory tract. - can be reversable if stimulus is removed
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Cell Injury |
- Defined as when the cell can no longer maintain homeostasis - most disease begin with cell injury -can be reversible or not (recovery or death) - Caused by any factor that disrupts the structure or deprives the cell of oxygen and or nutrients - one way to organize means by which cells can be injured is by grouping into 5 main categories 1. physical agent 2. radiation 3. chemical agent 3. biological agen 4. nutritional imbalances |
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Hypoxia |
- most common cause of cell injury - Lack of sufficient oxygen deilvery to cells, due to oxygen in the air, loss of hemoglobin/ RBC, disease of respiratory/ cardiovascular system, poisons - decreases the amount of ATP that can be made |
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ischemia |
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oxidative stress |
- injury induces by reactive oxygen species - reactive oxygen species (ROS) are very reactive chemicals that contain oxygen - these are generated during ordinary reactions in metabolism, absorption of X-rays or UV light, or metabolism of drugs - Examples of reactive oxygen species are superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical - ROS can damge cell membranes and DNA - the body has several enzymes that destroy these compounds (eg. catalase converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen) - antioxidants (eg. Vitamin E and Vitamin C) also act to decrease the effect of thse compounds - example of disease caused : mascular degeneration, emphysema |
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reactive oxygen species |
- very reactive chemicals that contain oxygen - e.g. superoxygen, hydrogen peroxide,hydroxyl radical |
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Necrosis |
- caused by exogenous injury to group of cells - Process: swelling or organelles, loss of functioning mitochondria, nucleus may shirnk or fragment, rapid loss of plasma membrane structure - Inflammation is triggered by releas cell contents - always pathogenic, does not require energy
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4 different types of Necrosis |
- coagulative necrosis - liquefactive necrosis - caseous necrosis - fat necrosis |
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Coagulative necrosis |
- caused by hypoxia (due to ischemia or chemical ingestion), leading ti protein denaturation (coagulation) - causes the tissue to become firm and opaque - occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart and adrenal glands |
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Liquefactive necrosis |
- commonly caused by ischemic injury leading to cells releasing hydrolytic enzymes that digest tissue - causes the tissue to become soft and liquid - occurs in the brain and also infections (neutrophils relase hydrolytic enzymes) |
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caseous necrosis |
- a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis - tissues aren't completely digested and appear soft and granular - usually from tubercolous pulmonary infection |
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Fat necrosis |
- Release lipases digest fat into glycerol and fatty acids which combine with ions like calcium in the tissue to make soap - tissue appears opaque and white - occurs in breast, pancreas other abdominal structures |
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Dry gangrene |
- due to coagulative necrosis, skin becomes dry, wrinkled and dark. - usually due to interference with arterial blood supply - usually occurs in extremities |
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Wet Gangrene |
- due to liquefactive necrosis, usually in internal organs, where area becomes cold, swollen and black, with a fould odour due to bacterial action - can easily spread to other tissue |
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gas gangrene |
- specific condition caused by infection with a species of bacteria (Clostridium species) - bacteria produce enzymes that destroy connective tissue and cause bubbles of gas to form. |
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apoptosis |
-programmed celld eath. cause by both normal and pathologic tissue changes (cells need to die, otherwise body would be huge) - examples: bone cakks dying during turnover, mammary glands decreasing in size after weaning, neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer. - Single cell death - Process: Nucleus self-destructs, cells shrinks, then fragments into membrane bound sacs, which are engulfed by macrpophages - No inflammation involved - May or may not be pathogenic, Requires energy |
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acute inflammation |
- relatively short duraion (min to days), has exudate, WBC present are mainly neutrophils |
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chronic inflammation |
- long duration (DAYS TO YEARS) - little or no exudate, WBC present are mainly lymphocytes and macrophages, also fibrosis, tissue necrosis and proliferation of blood vessels |
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Mast cells |
- mast cells are cells that reside in tissue, specially that of the skin, gu and respiratory tract. - contain granules packed with numerous active chemical that are released immediately as part of the inflammatory response(through physical damage or chemical signaling) - prime among these chemicals is histamine, which acts to increase vasodilation and permeability - mast cells also synthesize compunds active in teh inflammatory response (takes longer time) |
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Histamine |
one of the first chemicals to be released during acute inflammation(mast cells). Increased vascular permeability |
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PRR |
- pattern recognition receptors - recognize general structures that typical pathogens have |
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PAMP |
- pathogen associated molecular patterns - general strucure of pathogen |
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Complement system |
- cascade reaction that activate proteins already present in the blodd, which then either kill pathogens directly or intensify reactions of another components of teh inflammatory response - very poten defenders against bacterial infection |
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kinin system |
- cascade reaction that activate proteins already present in the blood wichi assists withe inflammatory response. - major kinin is bradykinin which causes increased permeability later in inflammatory response and acts with other compounds to produce pain |
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Prostaglandins and leukotrienes |
- made from long fatty acid (20 carbons) found in cell membrane - various effects depending upon the tissue - Leukotrienes importan cause for asthma and anaphylaxis (cause slow sustained constriction of bronchioles) |
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Nitric oxide and reactive oxygen products |
- no appears to reduce the cellular phase of inflammation - low levels of reactive oxygen products amplify inflammation however higher levels can result in damage to cells
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Cytokines |
- mainly protein, but some lipids. allow cells to communicate with each other to produce and effective inflammatory response - Example: interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF- alpha) are primary for inflammation. effects include increase heart rate, fever, increased activity of neutrophils, causing endothelial cells to produce chemokines |
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chemokines |
- function mainly to induce WBC chemotaxis |
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exudate |
- the fluid that moves from teh vessels into the tissues combined with neutrophils and the debris from phagocytosis - function: transport of leukocytes and anitbodies; dilution of toxins and irritating substances; transport of the nutriens necessary for tissue repair |
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serous exudate |
low protein content(blood vessels only slighlty more permeable), similar to fluid under a blister (mild inflammation) |
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serosanguineous exudate |
has a small amount of RBC |
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Fibrinous exudate |
greater injury, more info and the vessels become more permeable, letting more proteins out into tissue
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purulent exudate |
-"Pus"-severe inflammation accompanied by infection=neutrophils, protein and tissue debris
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hemorrhagic exudate |
contains large amount of RBC. occurs with severe inflammation |
