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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Demographic Transition
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the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system (Major famine one every 6 years in 18th century )
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Humoral Theory
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theory of the makeup and workings of the human body, positing that an excess or deficiency of any of four distinct bodily fluids in a person directly influences their temperament and health.
The Four Humors (Hippocrates): black bile (Earth: Cold and Dry) yellow bile (Fire: Dry and hot) phlegm (Water: Cold and Wet) blood (Air: Hot and Wet) Each corresponds to one of the traditional four temperaments. Galen: Human moods come from imbalances of humors |
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The astrological body
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system that associates various parts of the body, diseases, and drugs as under the influence of the sun, moon, and planets, along with the twelve astrological signs. Each of the astrological signs (along with the sun, moon, and planets) is associated with different parts of the human body.
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Bills of mortality
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London's main source of mortality statistics, designed to monitor deaths from the from the 17th century to the 1830s.
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Demography
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the statistical study of human populations.
Ancien Regime- average age of death 35-36 |
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Epidemiology
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the study (or the science of the study) of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations
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Morbidity
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Morbidity refers to the state of being diseased or unhealthy. Morbidity refers an incidence of ill health in a population.
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Mortality
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Mortality is the term used for the number of people who died within a population. Mortality refers to the incidence of death or the number of deaths in a population.
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Vital Statistic
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the information maintained by a government, recording the birth and death of individuals within that government's jurisdiction.
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Dropsy
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Abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin or in one or more cavities of the body. It is clinically shown as swelling. Potentially fatal.
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Obstructed body
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Broader network of passages, health dealt with proper flowing in these passages. Being sick resulted from an obstruction of fluid from passages
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*Regimen
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A prescribed course of medical treatment, way of life, or diet for the promotion or restoration of health.
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Non-Naturals
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The six things held in old medicine to be necessary to health
Six Non-Natural Factors: 1) Ambient Air 2) Food and Drink 3) Exercise and Rest 4) Sleep and Wakefulness 5) Retention and Evacuation of Wastes 6) Perturbations of the Mind and Emotions (Passions and emotions) |
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Nosology
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a branch of medicine that deals with classification of diseases
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Iatromechanism
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Chemistry applied to, or used in, medicine; - used especially with reference to the doctrines in the school of physicians in Flanders, in the 17th century, who held that health depends upon the proper chemical relations of the fluids of the body, and who endeavored to explain the conditions of health or disease by chemical principles.
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Heroic medicine
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Aggressive medical practices or methods of treatment used until the mid-nineteenth century, particularly the dangerous and unproven treatments that scientific advances later replaced.
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Medicalization
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Process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as medical conditions, and thus become the subject of medical study, diagnosis, prevention, or treatment.
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Domestic Medicine
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the behavioral, nutritional and health care practices, hygiene included, performed in the household and transmitted from one generation to the other. Such knowledge is complementary to the specialized skills of doctors and nurses. Consisting of preventive and curative tools, often related to first aid and medical herbs uses
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Quarantine
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to separate and restrict the movement of well persons who may have been exposed to a communicable disease to see if they become ill
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Pesthouse
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type of building used for persons afflicted with communicable diseases such as tuberculosis, cholera, smallpox or typhus. Often used for forcible quarantine, many towns and cities had one or more pesthouses accompanied by a cemetery or a waste pond nearby for disposal of the dead.
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Vaccination (Cow Pox)
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Edward Jener- cut a legion and smeared it with someone's pus. Dangers of infection and gangrene.
Vaccination administered to the entire Spanish Empire: Problems transporting the vaccine (solution was to take a number of expendable people) Problems preserving the vaccine administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate morbidity from infection. |
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Variolation (Small Pox)
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method of inoculating or immunizing an individual against the smallpox virus (Variola) through deliberate exposure to a mild form of the virus in order to create a localized infection and thus generate immunity against further infection. The procedure is most commonly administered by inserting/rubbing pulverized smallpox scabs or pustules into superficial scratches made on the skin. Afterwards the patient would develop pustules identical to those derived from naturally occurring smallpox and succumb to a mild fever. After a two-week period, these symptoms would clear, indicating a successful recovery and inoculation. This method gained global notoriety during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Although the method is no longer in practice today, it made way for more sophisticated methods of inoculation, which eventually led to the widespread use of vaccinations.
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Inoculation
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Developed separately in many different parts of the world. Exposure to certain diseases resulted in immunity- would be transfered from person to person.
Mary Motagu: Would put puss from one person into another person's arm the placement of something that will grow or reproduce, and is most commonly used in respect of the introduction of a serum, vaccine, or antigenic substance into the body of a human or animal, especially to produce or boost immunity to a specific disease. |
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Iatrogenesis
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an inadvertent adverse effect or complication resulting from medical treatment or advice, including that of psychologists, therapists, pharmacists, nurses, physicians and dentists.
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*False dichotomies
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dichotomy is a set of two mutually exclusive, jointly exhaustive alternatives. Dichotomies are typically expressed with the words "either" and "or", like this: "Either the test is wrong or the program is wrong."
A false dichotomy is a dichotomy that is not jointly exhaustive (there are other alternatives), or that is not mutually exclusive (the alternatives overlap), or that is possibly neither. Note that the example given above is not mutually exclusive, since the test and the program could both be wrong. It's not jointly exhaustive either, since they could both be correct, but it could be a hardware error, a compiler error and so on. |
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Biological determinism
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the interpretation of humans and human life from a strictly biological point of view, and it is closely related to genetic determinism. Another definition is that biological determinism is the hypothesis that biological factors such as an organism's individual genes (as opposed to social or environmental factors) completely determine how a system behaves or changes over time.
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Geographical determinism
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the view that the physical environment sets limits on human environment.
The fundamental argument of the environmental determinists was that aspects of physical geography, particularly climate, influenced the psychological mind-set of individuals, which in turn defined the behaviour and culture of the society that those individuals formed. For example, tropical climates were said to cause laziness, relaxed attitudes and promiscuity, while the frequent variability in the weather of the middle latitudes led to more determined and driven work ethics. |
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Columbian exchange
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a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), communicable disease, and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492.
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Apostasy
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the formal disaffiliation from or abandonment or renunciation of a religion by a person
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Virgin soil epidemics
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an epidemic resulting from the introduction of a disease into a place where it does not occur or spread naturally. Virgin soil epidemics have occurred with European colonization, particularly during the Age of Discovery, when European explorers and colonialists brought diseases to "New World" lands in the Americas, Australia and Pacific Islands.
Small poxs destroyed large percentage of all tribes. Frugality of locals compared to Europeans |
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Biosocial analysis*
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: of, relating to, or concerned with the interaction of the biological aspects and social relationships of living organisms <biosocial science>
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Airs, Waters, and Places
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"Airs, Waters, and Places" was written by Hippocrates in 400 B.C. Hippocrates sought to show a connection between the climate of the area and the diseases that plagued that area.
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Atlantic triangle
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historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come. Triangular trade thus provides a method for rectifying trade imbalances between the above regions.
The best-known triangular trading system is the transatlantic slave trade, that operated from the late 16th to early 19th centuries, carrying slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between West Africa, Caribbean or American colonies and the European colonial powers, with the northern colonies of British North America, especially New England, sometimes taking over the role of Europe. |
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Bioprospecting
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an umbrella term describing the process of discovery and commercialization of new products based in biological resources, typically in less-developed countries. Bioprospecting often draws on indigenous knowledge about uses and characteristics of plants and animals.
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Guaiac
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capitalized : a genus (family Zygophyllaceae) of tropical American trees and shrubs having pinnate leaves, usually blue flowers, and capsular fruit
2 : any tree or shrub of the genus Guaiacum 3 : a resin with a faint balsamic odor obtained as tears or masses from the trunk of either of two trees of the genus Guaiacum (G. officinale or G. sanctum) used formerly in medicine as a remedy for gout or rheumatism and now in various tests (as for peroxidases or bloodstains) because of the formation of a blue color on oxidation—see guaiac test : a test for blood in urine or feces using a reagent containing guaiacum that yields a blue color when blood is present—see hemoccult |
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Cinchona
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a genus of about 38 species in the family Rubiaceae, native to the tropical Andes forests of western South America. They are medicinal plants, known as sources for quinine and other compounds.
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Acclimatization
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the process in which an individual organism adjusting to a gradual change in its environment, allowing it to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions.
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Seasoning*
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Unsure what definition he uses
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Galen
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Under Hippocrates’ bodily humors theory, differences in human moods come as a consequence of imbalances in one of the four bodily fluids: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. Galen promoted this theory and the typology of human temperaments. An imbalance of each humor corresponded with a particular human temperament (blood—sanguine, black bile—melancholic, yellow bile—choleric, and phlegm—phlegmatic). Individuals with sanguine temperaments are extroverted and social. Choleric people have energy, passion and charisma. Melancholics are creative, kind and considerate. Phlegmatic temperaments are characterized by dependability, kindness, and affection
Galen performed anatomical dissections on living (vivisection) and dead animals, mostly focusing on pigs and primates |
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Hippocrates
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Hippocratic Approach: Naturalists not spiritual.
Illness was addressed by regimen, not just on cure Galenic System: 6 non-naturals that could be manipulated to restore the body to balance Who: an ancient Greek physician What: onsidered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is referred to as the father of western medicine in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine. This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with (notably theurgy and philosophy), thus establishing medicine as a profession ippocrates is commonly portrayed as the paragon of the ancient physician, credited with coining the Hippocratic Oath, still relevant and in use today. He is also credited with greatly advancing the systematic study of clinical medicine, summing up the medical knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Corpus and other works Where: Ancient Greece When: 460 BC – c. 370 BC Humoral Theory: Balance of four elements! |
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Martha Ballard
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Who: an American midwife, healer, and diarist.
What: Martha Ballard kept a diary that recorded her arduous work and domestic life in Hallowell on the Kennebec River, District of Maine. ecords numerous babies delivered and illnesses treated as she traveled by horse or canoe around the Massachusetts frontier in what is today the state of Maine. Where: Massachusetts, USA! When: Mid 18th century- Early 19th century (1735 - 1812) |
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Uroscopy
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examining Urine
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**Thomas Sydenham
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(Read Primary Source Passage: The Works of Thomas Sydenham, M.D., on acute and chronic diseases; Originally written in the 18th century then edited in the 19th century)
an English physician: Doctor Treatise of acute an chronic disease. Cough would be disease itself, not a symptom New World (New cures!) Guaiac bark- reduces fever. Used opium from poppies as a pain killer |
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Johannes Storch
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Who is he? Like actually...
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John Grant
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Was one of the first demographers, lived in the 17th century London, England
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Dr Slip
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a choleric physician and "man-midwife" in Laurence Sterne's novel The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman (1759)
The doctor is summoned by Tristram Shandy's father to attend his son's imminent birth. Slop makes his first appearance in Chapter 34 of the novel, where he is described as: "...a little squat, uncourtly figure...about four feet and a half perpendicular height, with a breadth of back, and a sesquipedality of belly, which might have done honour to a serjeant in the horse-guards." He is portrayed as an incompetent quack, arriving at Shandy Hall having forgotten his array of "vile instruments" and "obstetrical engines", which have to be urgently sent for. In performing a forceps delivery of the baby, Slop damages the infant Tristram's nose, much to his father's consternation, and is obliged to perform a rudimentary rhinoplasty using cotton thread and a piece of whalebone from a maid's corset. |
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Herman Boerhaave
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1668 –1738 was a Dutch botanist, humanist and physician of European fame. He is regarded as the founder of clinical teaching and of the modern academic hospital. His main achievement was to demonstrate the relation of symptoms to lesions. In addition, he was the first to isolate the chemical urea from urine
More empirical descriptions. His theory: Hydraulic Model of the Body?, mechanistic understanding |
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William Cullen
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1710-1790. Focus on the nervous system, takes pulse
a Scottish physician, He published a number of medical textbooks, mostly for the use of his students, though they were popular throughout Europe and the American colonies as well |
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John Brown
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1735-1788. Unitary basis of disease, only one disease in many forms.
Disorders: Asthenic (under stimulated) Sthenic (Too much excitement) a Scottish physician, he moved to Edinburgh. In 1759 he discontinued his theological studies and began the study of medicine and became the private tutor for the William Cullen family. After a dispute with Cullen and the professors of the university, Brown's public lectures contained attacks on preceding systems of medicine, including Cullen's. |
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Benjamin Rush
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1746-1813. Founded UPenn medical school. Unitary basis of disease, heroic medicine, dramatic purges
firmly believed in bleeding patients [21] (a practice now known to be generally harmful), as well as purges using calomel and other toxic substances: Laxatives, bleeding, cathartics, sweating (Used such techniques for treating Yellow Fever). |
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Nicholas Culpeper
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1616-1654
Trained as an apothecary. Translated the Latin botanical medicine book. Herbalism & astrology therapeutics The English Physician: written for the common man; includes astrology (a high class educated view) to show he was educated. Written for people in the countryside |
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Medical Professions Tri-part Structure
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Royal college of physicians
Barber-surgeons Apothecaries Fights over what constituted a license |
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William Smellie
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1697-1763 a Scottish obstetrician.
Medicalization of Childbirth Use of interventions- Forceps |
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William Hunter
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Medicalization of Childbirth:
Human anatomy book, extraordinary detail, understood the female pelvis (23 May 1718 – 30 March 1783) was a Scottish anatomist and physician. |
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Mary Montagu
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Would put pus from one person into another person's arm
an English aristocrat and writer. (1689 –1762) she went to live in Turkey with her husband, the British ambassador to that country, and stayed for two years. In the Ottoman Empire, she visited the women in their segregated zenanas, learning Turkish, making friends and learning about Turkish customs. There she witnessed the practice of inoculation against smallpox—variolation—which she called engrafting, and wrote home about it |
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Edward Jenner
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(1749 – 1823)
Vaccination, cut a legion and smeared it with someone's puss. Dangers of infection & gangrene an English physician and scientist from Berkeley, Gloucestershire, who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine. He is often called "the father of immunology", and his work is said to have "saved more lives than the work of any other man". |
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William Buchan
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(1729–1805) was a Scottish physician
He attended Edinburgh University Buchan wrote the first edition of his Domestic medicine |
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John Peter Frank ?
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(1745–1821) was a German physician and hygienist
His methodology for public health dealt with subjects such as public sanitation, water supply issues, sexual hygiene, maternal and child welfare, food safety, and prostitution, to name a few. |
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Nicholas Monardes
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Bio prospecting: plants can be used in medicine
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Kupperman
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Who: North American, settlers going to live there
What: travelling Where: South American Colonies, West Indies When: 18th century Why: Gold/ minerals Place and disease: Fear of hot climate, heatstroke, fever was main cause of disease, natural medicines, heat changes humoral balance- blood thins Response: Natural Medicines, Acclimatize, Adopt west indies practices (eat the same), took baths (constipation of the skin) |
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Lind
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Who: natural surgeon
Where: Tropical regions- Gambia When: 18th century Why: Resources- Gold, minerals, herbs, slaves Place and disease: Directly related, diseases in rainy areas, bad water/ bad air causes disease Response: Bath in wine- ratios & how often to take it medicinal remedies, challenged blood letting |
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Schiebinger
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Who:
What: Cures Where: West Indies Why: Looking for Plants- medicines & commodities When: 18th Century Place and disease: connected race and place Response: Adopt to lifestyles of people who live there- don't wear shoes. Listened to those who lived there/ or slaves about how to deal with these climates and what medicines were used |
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Absalom Jones
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Who: Absalom Jones & William Gray (Black writers)
Where: Philadelphia Why: To show that blacks were affected; response to Benjamin Rush who claimed that blacks could not get yellow fever because of their race Not considered discrimination at that time; their way of understanding race, place, and disease (1746 – February 13, 1818) was an African-American abolitionist and clergyman. |
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Laennec (How does he imagine the body?)
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Uses numbers and stratifies them
Talks about specific structures of the body- not specific patients No talk of therapeutics Interested in looking into the body |
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Corvisart (How does he imagine the body?)
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Attention to color
Thinks of disease as sperate entities- affect with different symptoms which vary in strength Ontological view of disease (Ontology: the philosophical study of the nature of being, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations) |
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Homeopathic vs allopathic
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Homeopathic: If you take medicine, disease will kill you
Allopathic: if you take medicine, medicine will kill you |
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Health Reformers
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Sylvester Graham: modern life is too exciting, body gets too excited. Life is too decedent- worried about meat and masturbation
John H. Kellogg: Sanitation-place to go to become more healthy. Hydropath- "the water cure". Conducts surgery. Bowels-auto intoxication |
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Thomson
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Who: Herbalist; founder of Thomsonian Medicine
When: 19th century Purpose: Turn away from heroic medicine Audience: Common man in America, people who could not afford to see physicians, people in countryside Relates to regular physicians. Tyranny of medical practice, it is dangerous Established authority: with knowledge of herbal medicines and poisons in drugs Observation and experience educated by female herbalists |
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Gunn
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Who: Knew about herbs, informally trained
When: 19th century Audience: Writing for the unlearned, common person and family, drawing on more formal medical practices Relate to physicians: common people can do anything doctors can do, drawing on physicians authority to bolster his own |
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Leavitt
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By 19th century domestic medical practice was a majority of medical practice in America
Physicians in rural Wisconsin- not many hospitals domestic environment and medical practice: more personal and emotionally invested in patient, still a market place, not making much money Larger American Context: People are moving west to Wisconsin, Iowa, Michigan- not big industrial cities, not as many doctors and hospitals |
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Compare and contrast the practice of doctors in big urban cities to rural America
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Differences:
Environment- hospitals are more prevalent in urban areas whereas in rural areas it was mostly domestic practices Resources: herbs, tools that doctors used Economic Goals: Urban areas- where you made most of your money, Rural areas- also worked on farms Training: linked to availability of hospitals and clinics Urban- learn and practice in hospitals Rural-Thomson-experimenting with herbs Similarities: similar illnesses and differences, experiences, still a marketplace |
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Race and the 19th Century Hospital
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Provided care for other groups but did so grudgingly, most were Irish- Irish was seen as a race, Jewish hospitals
Bodies, Place, and Race: People were viewed as commodities Situating Determinism: Lincoln noticed physical differences between blacks and whites Health on plantations: White plantation owners- black women African american slaves- living in bondage on a planation Slave nurse- many women were forced into the role of nursing, subterranean form of care White plantation owners would send for special healers e.g. snake bite antedote Health status as a slave: whipped slaves, toes cut off etc. Social differences: heating and ventilation in homes, differences in respiratory conditions would be socially different Sim: develops by experimental practice on slaves, notion that African Americans dont feel pain |
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Cotton Mather
Zabdiel Boylston William Douglass Robert Jackson |
Mather: Salem Witch Trials
Boylston: (1766) was a physician in the Boston area Douglass: physician in 18th-century Boston, Massachusetts, who wrote pamphlets on medicine Jackson: (1750–1827) was a Scottish physician-surgeon, reformer, and inspector-general of army hospitals |
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Xavier de Balmis
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rancisco Xavier de Balmis and a team that included three assistants, two surgeons, and three nurses sailed from Spain on November 30, 1803. They vaccinated more than 100,000 people from the Caribbean Islands and South, Central, and North America, reaching up to San Antonio, Texas, and then traveled to the Philippines, Macao, Canton, and Santa Elena Island, landing back in Cadiz on September 7, 1806.
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Clarke
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Sexist doctor that believes women can't get an education because it would overwhelm them
19th century |
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Jackson
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Female physician who is like f- that jerk Clarke women should be educated, we don't want to be lame men we just want more opportunities
19th century |
