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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kinship as a principle of social organization |
to understand a society you need to start by understanding its kinship system |
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Is kinship universal? |
yes. |
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Kinship as cultural construction of biological facts |
Theories of procreation |
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Henry Lewis Morgan Theory of cultural evolution |
1) Saveragrey: primitive promiscuity 2) Barbarism: polygamous family 3) Civilization: nuclear family evolution driven by changes in food production |
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Henry Lewis Morgan: How the birds and the bees work |
-Kinship = social recognition of biological relations |
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Bronislav Malinoski: How the birds and the bees work |
-Kinship = social construction of biological relations |
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Radcliff-Brown: what is the social function of kinship? |
Rights and obligations (inheritence and residence)= structuring principle |
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According to Schnider, what are the problems with kinship studies? |
-Downright ethnocentric: study of kinships derives directly and practically from European culture -Biological relatedness isn't important everywhere |
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How has Schnider's critique transformed how anthropologists understand and study kinship? |
-notion of kinship is socially constructed -there are other organizing principles to society such as co-substantality and residence -now anthro's take into consideration: historical context, inequalities of power and stratigies of resistence to dominant cultural ideologies, new perspectives such as feminist ones |
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Nature Kinship |
substances shared through procreation: blood, genes, bones. |
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Nurture Kinship |
substances shared during childhood: milk, food. |
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Janet Carsten: Relatedness |
experience of being related |
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Marshall Sahlinis: Mutuality of Being |
participating in another persons life, who's included and excluded- contributes to what makes individuals who they are |
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Relatedness can be crafted through what other than blood? |
residence, choice, love, cosubstantality, etc. |
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Social organization, ideas of relatedness and mutuatlity of being all have a positive connatation |
Kinship is Integrative |
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What does Ceing mean? |
Home, always residental not always descent |
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Differences between kinship system and lineage system |
Kinship System: kin realtions- relations between persons w/in kinship system, relations between persons are regulated by values of kinship system, mar= all kin Lineage System: Unilateral groups of kin, lineage relations= relations between groups w/in such groups, members all agnates, dispearsed, buth= agnatic kin, members of same lineage are bound together by common descent, cattle-interests, ritutal ties, etc. |
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When is patrilineal descent not the dominant criteria of group membership? |
-ghost marriages -adoption -mythological kinship -eldest son brought up by maternal grandparents |
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Set of regularties that can be abstracted from behavior of individuals in relation to kinship |
Kinship system |
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Relations between groups |
Social structure |
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3 Elementary relations |
1) Affinity: marriage relationships 2) Filiation: relationships between parents and kids 3) Siblingship |
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What is the key principle of social organization |
Descent |
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Key features of descent theory |
-focus on unilineal descent -distinction between domestic and political sphere -distinction between kinship system and social structure |
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Descent is a combination of what 2 elementary relations? is it social or physical? |
-Filiation and siblingship -social |
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Corporate group |
group which does or owns something as one |
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Segmentary lineage system |
-relativity and structural distance -membership is relative -territorial political relations -no overlapping |
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3 seperate domains of E. E. Evans-pritchard's model |
-politico-jural of unilateral descent groups -domestic domain of bilateral descent groups -cultural sphere of religion and ritual |
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Relatedness is crafted through media such as |
food, cattle, money, guns, paper |
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What's the matrilineal puzzle identified by Audrey Richards? |
the difficulty of combining recognition of descent through the woman with therule of exogamous marriage.Õ (1950: 246)By the rule of exogamy, a woman must produce children for her own matrilineal descentgroup in marriage with a man from another group. If she leaves her own group to join herhusband (virilocal marriage), Ôher matrikin have to contrive .... to keep control of thechildren, who are legally identified with them.Õ If on the other hand she remains with hermother or sisters and her husband joins her group in a uxorilocal marriage, the childrenremain under the control of her kin, but her brothers are dispersed since they marry brideselsewhere. This may cause problems Ð according to Richards Ð because it is usually themales of matrilineal descent groups who act as heads of households or administrators forthe group, and who succeed to office in their home village. |
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Why are matrilineal societies not mirror opposites of patrilineal soceities? |
Matrilineal societies: -woman reproduces her own lineage -lineage propagated through sister rather than wife -strong bond between brother and sister Patrilineal societies: -woman reproduces husbands lineage -no role in her own lineage -strong bind between husband and wife |
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What are the main solutions to the matrilineal puzzle? |
1) Duolocal or natolocal residence: husband and wife live apart in natal homes- brothers exercise authority over her kids 2) Uxorilocal residence or detachable husband- married couple lives in natal home of wife. Male members who hold authority are dispersed (conflict) 3) Avunculocal (viri-avunculocal) or faternal extended family- wife lives w/ husband who lives w/ his mother's brothers. Groups of brothers live together, their sisters marry out and their kids come back to live w/ their maternal uncles 4) Virilocal residence- everyone is dispersed |
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What two soceities were almost matriarchal? |
Iroquois, Mosuo |
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What is the Tali ritual? |
Tali- ordament, pre-pubescent girls marry ritual husband |
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Bemba (descent, bride rights and residence) |
-Matrilineal descent and succession -Delayed right of bride removal -Residence varies through life course |
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How does captialism effect kinship? |
Makes the nuclear family more important |
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Cognatic Descent |
Descent through man and woman |
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Double Descent |
Everyone is a member of their mother's matrilineage and father's patrilineage |
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Is double descent also cognatic or is cognatic descent also double |
Double descent can be cognatic but cognatic cannot be double |
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Malinowksi vs Weiner on importance of Avuncular relationship |
Malinowski: stressed importance of avuncular relationship because it replaced the paternal one Weiner: focused on siblingship because it challenges the analytical weight accorded to marriage and to some extent descent |
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Definitions of marriage: Gough vs Leach |
Gough: marriage as conferring legitimacy Leach: no universal definition of marriage |
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Is the incest prohibition universal? |
yes. |
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Unilineal societies prohibits what type of marriage usually? |
parallel cousin |
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Westmark Effect |
Adults are discouraged to have sexual relations w/ those they grew up with |
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What does Heritier mean by incest of the second type? |
Circulation of body fuilds. Example: If Odepius sleeps w/ his mom that's incest of the first type, he would then also be in an incestious relationship with his father because they have shared the same body fluids, incest of the second type. |
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What does Levi-Strauss mean when he says that exogamy is the positive dimension of the prohbition of incest? |
Exogamy ensures the intergration through intermarriage w/ other social groups. It's the first rule of social intergration- representing the passage from nature to culture. |
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How does reciprocity operate? |
1) Giving- intinal creation and maintance of social relationships 2) Reciving- creates relationships- to refuse to recieve is to reject a social bond 3) Reciprocity- in order to demonstrate ones own liberity, honor and wealth. |
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Why is the dichtomy between nature and culture so important to Levi-Strauss? |
We automatically position culture and and nature as opposites when really they lie behind each other. |
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Critique of Alliance theory? |
-conflates sex and marriage -marriage is more than an exchange of whole persons from one group to another, women usually remain connected to group of orgin. -women are actively involved in marriage neogations not just pawns. |
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What is role theory and who proposed it? |
Maintains that kinship and marriage systems are imporant for the assignment of umambigously defined and distributed social roles. Resulting in confusion and conflict over role definitions would undermind social order. Malinowski |
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What is alliance theoryand who proposed it? |
To force people to marry outside of their groups- creating alliances and relations w/ other groups. Levi-Strauss |
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Levi-Strauss and structuralism: Human culture |
Human culture= expression of the structures of the human mind= laws which are general but implicit |
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Kinship from a structuralist perspective |
Kinship is a structured and structuring systems of signs requring no references to reality or nature beyond itself to vaildate it. Culture has developed also in accordance w/ human mind internal constraints |
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Structures of kinship: Elementary vs Complex |
Elementary: -positive rules -eligible marriage partners defined -specifies whom one MUST marry= preferental marriage -cross-cousin marriage Complex: -negative rules -eligible marriage partners undetermined -only specifies whom one MUST NOT marry -western societies |
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Is exogamy or endogamy the same as the incest prohibition/. |
Exogamy- to prohibit or deter |
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Descent theory terms |
Elementary, nuclear family |
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Alliance theory terms |
-Relationships between terms are elementary -Adds one term: brother -Kinship systems not static but dynamic |
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Geschiere describes witchcraft as the darkside of kinship, why? |
Puts kin against one another |
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Geschiere's tripartite model |
Triangular relationship between intimacy, trust, and witchcraft. Its basically just about the contradictory nature of trust and intimacy. Trust can never be absolute but you have no choice but to be intimate with people and take a leap of faith to trust them in order to function on society. And then I guess witchcraft is brought it because the people you trust are the most dangerous to you because they know how to hurt you and they would be the ones to be offended by your success |
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Hunter-gathers "Zen road to affluence" |
-wants are finite -tech unchanging =balanced, cocentric circles |
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Western societies "industrialization as road to affluence" |
-wants are infinite -means insufficent = need to produce more |
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What is witchcraft (4) |
1) PRACTICE of witchcraft 2) use of counter-witchcraft, so to PREVENT OR RESOLVE witchcraft attack 3)BELIEF in witchcraft 4)ACCUSATIONS of witchcraft |
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Witchcraft: A system of beliefs |
explanation of misfortune= intellectualist perspective (Tylor, Horton, E.P) |
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Witchcraft: Neogation of social conflict/ social control |
-witchcraft as a means of addressing social tensions -witchcraft provides an OUTLET TO VOICE the irratations of everyday life in a socially acceptable way -witchcraft as a leveling force -Functionalist perspective |
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Witchcraft: discourse on modernity |
-link between witchcraft and power -witchcraft as CONSTITUTIVE OF MODERNITY not a remnant of the past but rather an intergral aprt of peoples vision of modernity -witchcraft as a narrative/metaphor to explain inequality -polyinterpretability: to talk about misfortune AND success -Gescheire |
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