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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Embryo
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Hyaline cartilage
Adult --> bone |
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Red marrow cavity
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Hematopoiesis
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Joint
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Articulation
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Compact bone
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Smooth and homogeneous
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Spongy bone
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Trabeculae (bars) of bone, lots of open space
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Long bones
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Longer than wide, more compact bone
Humerus |
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Short bones
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Cube shaped, more spongy bone
Triquetral |
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Flat bones
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Thin, sandwhich of compact and spongy bone
Sternum |
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Irregular
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Other
Vertebrae |
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Sesamoid
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Short bones of tendons i.e patella
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Wormian/Sutural
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Between cranial bones
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Cranium
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Cranial vault and cranial floor
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Cranial floor
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Anterior, middle, posterior cranial fossae
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Perichondrium
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Dense irregular connective tissue, surrounds cartilage
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Hyaline cartilage
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Frosted glass, collagen
Joints, ribs (costal), larynx, nose |
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Elastic cartilage
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More flexible
Ear, epiglottis |
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Fibrocartilage
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Great strength
Knee, vertebrae |
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Appositional growth
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Secrete new matrix against existing bone
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Interstitial growth
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Chondrocytes in lacunae secrete new matrix from within
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Functions of bone
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Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral & Growth Factor Storage, Blood Cell Formation
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Epiphyseal plate
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A disc of hyaline cartilage theat grows during childhood to length the bone >> forms line
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Periosteum
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Double layered membrane
outer layer = dense irregular tissue inner layer = osteoblasts (forming), osteoclasts (destroying) |
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Sharpeys fibers
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Secures periosteum to bone, provides anchors for tendons and ligaments
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Endosteum
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Covers internal bone, has osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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Diploe
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Name for spongy bone in flat bones
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Red marrow
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Trabucular cavities of spongy bone in long bone, diploe of flat bone
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Osteogenic cells
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Actively mitotic stem cells in the peristoneum and endostoneum
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Osteon
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Structural unit of compact bone
"twister resister" |
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Lamella
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Each individual tube
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Central haversian canal
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Small blood vessels and nerve fibers
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Perforating Volkmans canal
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Connect blood and nerve supply of peristoneum to central canal and medullary cavity
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Lacunae
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Junctions of lamellae, contain osteocytes
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Canaliculi
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Connect lacunae together
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Interstitial lamellae
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Incomplete lamellae
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Circumferential lamellae
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Resist twisting of bone
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Spongy bone
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No osteons
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Osteoid
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Organic part of matrix
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Bone hardness
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CaP crystals
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Ossification/Osteogenesis
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Bone formation
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Hormonal regulation of bone growth
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Growth hormone from pituitary, regulated by thyroid hormones
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Bone remodeling
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Bone deposit and resorption
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Osteoclast secretions
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Lysosomal enzymes, hydrochloric acid
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Blood Ca levels decline
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PTH released, osteoclasts reabsorb
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Blood Ca levels rise
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Calcitonin of thyroid released, bone deposit
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Reduction
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Realignment of broken bones
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Fracture repair
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Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling
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Comminuted fracture
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3+ pieces, common in elderly
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Compression
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Crushed
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Spiral
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Sports fracture
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Epiphyseal
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Epiphysis separates from diaphysis
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Depressed
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Skull
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Greenstick
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Only one of two bones breaks, common in children
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Osteomalacia
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Inadequately minearalized
need vit D |
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Rickets
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Epiphyseal plates can not be calcified, long bones
need vit D |
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Osteoporosis
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Bone resorption faster than deposit
needs calcium, vit D, exercise |
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Paget's disease
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Haphazard deposit and resorption, high ratio spongy to compact
need calcitonin |
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Scoliosis
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S shaped vertebral column
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Kyphosis
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Hunchback
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Lordosis
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Lumbar weird
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Atlas
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C1, "yes"
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Axis
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C2, "no"
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Cervical vertebrae
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Triangular vertebral foramen, small, light, spinous process short and bifurcated
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Vertebra prominens
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C7, visible through skin
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Thoracic vertebrae
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Heart-shaped body, sharp and pointy spinous process
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Costal demifacets
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Articulate with ribs, thoracic
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Lumbar vertebrae
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Short shaped spinous process, blocklike body, sturdiest bc lumbar has MOST STRESS
childbirth - anaesthesia between L3 and L4 or L4 and L5 |
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Sacrum
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Fusion of five vertebrae
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Sacral crest
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Fusion of spinal process
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Alae
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Fusion of transverse process
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Sacral hiatus
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Vertebral column terminates
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Coccyx
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Fusion of 3 to 5 irregularly shaped vertebrae, human tailbone
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Sternum
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Flat bone, 7 pairs of ribs
"tie" - knot - manubrium body - body end - xiphoid process |
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Jugular notch
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3rd T vertebrae
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Sternal angle
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Manubrium and body
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Xiphisternal joint
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Sternal body and xiphoid process
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Ribs
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First 7 - true
Next 5 - false - lack sternal attachment |
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Floating ribs
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No sternal attachment
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Conoid tubercle
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Lateral end (acromial)
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Medial epicondyle
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Funny bone
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Simple squamous epithelium
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Diffusion & filtration, protection not important
Kidney, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, serosae |
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
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Secretion & absorption
Kidney tubules, small glands, ovary |
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Simple columnar epithelium
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Secretion & absorption
Stomach, gallbladder, bronchi, uterine tubes |
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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Secretion
Males, trachea, upper respiratory |
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Stratified squamous epithelium
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Protection
Mouth, esophagus, vagina, epidermis |
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Transitional
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Stretches
Ureter, bladder, urethra |
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Endocrine/ductless glands
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Secrete hormones
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Exocrine glands
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Unicellular, multicellular
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Unicellular exocrine gland
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Goblet cell, secretes mucin
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Multicellular exocrine gland
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Simple vs compound
Tubular vs aerolar vs tubuloareolar |
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Mecrocrine glands
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Secrete via exocytosis
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Holocrine glands
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Secrete after rupturing
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Apocrine glands
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Secrete via apex pinching off
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Connective tissue
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Ground substance, fibers, cells
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Ground substance
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Interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans (GAGs)
-higher GAG content, more viscous the substance |
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Collagen
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White fibers
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Elastic
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Yellow fibers
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Reticular
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"Nets"
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Loose connective tissue
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Aerolar, adipose, reticular
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Dense connective tissue
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Regular, irregular, elastic
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Areolar
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Cushions, immunity, inflammation
Under epithelia |
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Adipose
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Food fuel, heat loss, protects, supports
Breasts, kidneys, skin, eyes |
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Reticular
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Supports other cell types
Lymphoid organs |
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Dense regular
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Mucles to bones, bones to bones
Tendons |
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Dense irregular
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Strength
Dermis, digestive tract, capsules of organs and joints |
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Neurons
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Axons (send), body, dendrites (receive)
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Supporting cells
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Nourish, support, protect neurons
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Muscle
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Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
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Cutaneous membrane
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The skin
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Mucous membranes
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Line cavities open to exterior
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Serous membranes
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Moist membranes of closed cavities
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Tissue repair
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Regeneration or fibrosis
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Steps of tissue repair
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Inflammation - blood clot
Organization - restores blood supply (with granulation tissue) Regeneration or fibrosis (depends on severity of wound) |
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Weak regenerative capacity
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Skeletal tissue, muscle
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Homeostatic imbalance: scars
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Hamper muscles ability to contract i.e. heart
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Germ layers
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Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
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Actively mitotic adult cells
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Epithelia and blood
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Dermis vs epidermis
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Only dermis vascularized
Epidermis = stratified squamous Dermis = dense irregular |
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Hypodermis
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Superficial facia
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Karatinocytes
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Produce keratin - fibrous - stratum basale - mitotic - fall off when rub skin
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Melanocytes
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Synthesize melanin - accumulates in granules - left on superficial side of keratinocyte nucleus
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Langerhans cells
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Epidermal dendritic cells, ingest foreign substances, help immune system
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Merkel cells
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Associated with sensory nerve ending, Merkel disc, for touch
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Thick skin
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BSGLC "not bs that g loves c"
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Thin skin
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BSGC (no L)
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Basale
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Youngest keratinocytes (aka stratum germinatum), melanocytes, merkel maybe
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Spinosum
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Pre-keratin filaments, keratinocytes spiny, melanin, Lagerhans
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Granulosum
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Keratohylaine granules - keratin
Lamellated granules - Slowing water loss |
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Lucidum
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Dead keratinocytes, substance of keratohyaline granules
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Corneum
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3/4 thickness of epidermis, keratin and thickened PM of cells protect, prevent water loss
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Dermis
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Papillary and reticular
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Papillary layer
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Dermal papillae with loops, pain receptors, touch receptors Meissners corpuscles
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Dermal ridges
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Lie on papillae, cause epidermal ridges & fingerprints
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Reticular
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Tension lines in skin,
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Skin colour
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Melanin
Freckles / moles - accumulation of melanin Carotene - yellowish orange Hemoglobin - pinkish |
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Addisons disease
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Bronzing - adrenal cortex
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Sudoriferous glands
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Sweat glands
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Eccrine
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Merocrine, palms, soles of feet, forehead, simple tubular
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Apocrine
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Axillary anogenital areas, ducts empty to hair follicles, BODY ODOR
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Ceruminous
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Modified apocrine in ear canal, EARWAX
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Mammary
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Sudoriferous gland
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Sebaceous gland
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Oil, simple branched alveolar, NOT ON PALM OR SOLE
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Sebum
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Secreted by oil holocrine gland
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Functions of hair
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Sense insects, heat loss, sunlight, shield eyes, filter air
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Hair
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Dead keratinocytes (hard keratin: tougher than soft and wont flake off)
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Vellus hair
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Children, adult females
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Terminal hair
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Eyebrows, scalp
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Alopecia
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Baldness
Male pattern - genetically determined |
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Nail
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Hard keratin
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Nail matrix
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Responsible for growth
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Hyponychium
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Under free edge of nail
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Functions of skin
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Protection (human defensin, cathelicidins), body T regulation, sensation, metabolic functions, blood resevoir, excretion
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Merkel discs vs Pacinian corpuscles
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Caress versus bumps or deep pressure
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Basal cell carcinoma
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Least malignant, most common
Basal invade demis and hypodermis Surgical excision |
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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Spinosum, raised lesion
Surgical excision and radiation |
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Melanoma
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ABCD rule, metastatic, resesistant to chemo
DANGEROUS!! |
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Burn
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Causes cell death
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First degree burn
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Epidermis damaged i.e. sunburn
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Second degree burn
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Epidermis and upper dermis damaged (partial thickness burns)
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Third degree burns
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Full thickness, not painful since nerves destroyed, skin graft necessary
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Critical burns
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>25% second degree, >10% third, or third degree of face, hands, feet
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