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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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scientific perspective
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hypotheses - educated guesses
theories - ideas that explain facts laws - theories that have repeatedly been proven true |
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evolution
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evolution is a fact; process of evolution is a theory
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Sir Karl Popper
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-1934: "Logic der Forschung", or, "Logic of Science"
-defines science as different from metaphysics -scientific ideas are testable and can only approximate reality |
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science
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-agnostic
-theism and atheism are metaphysical beliefs, not scientific |
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Thomas Henry Huxley
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-"Darwin's Bulldog"
-created term agnostic -religious, but accepted evolution as a means of creation |
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origin of life
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RNA
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chemical constituents of life
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proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, fats, ATP, ADP, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), sugar
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conditions for life
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liquid water, temperatures above freezing and below 130 Celsius, lack of free oxygen, source of energy (from the internal earth or sun)
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ancient evidence for life
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-chemical: 3.85 Ba (carbon isotopic shift)
-fossil: 3.55 Ba (stromatolites) -coincides with first evidence for oceans on our planet |
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oldest fossils
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stromatolites (found in northwestern Australia); formed by bacteria and algae
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atmosphere changes from anaerobic to aerobic
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-3.3 to 1.8 Ba
-banded iron formations began to appear -photosynthesis by algae |
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later precambrian life
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-.79 Ba, first burrowing animals (ichnofossils)
-.62 Ba, first body fossils (jellyfish, proto-annelids, arthropods, molluscs) -- flat/thin skinned, showing that oxygen level was still low |
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prokaryotic life
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1) plasmids-use bacteria to reproduce (parasitic, therefore not earliest life)
2) viruses- inject DNA to take over cell |
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bacteria
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evolve by mutation, evolution is limited
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arcaebacteria
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-wide range of environmental preferences (can be anaerobic or aerobic, and can tolerate very high temps)
-DNA is more closely related to humans than other bacteria |
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eubacteria
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-aka omnibacteria
-ecologically varied -heterotrophic (disease-causing), chemautotrophic (oxidizing), photosynthetic |
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cyanobacteria
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-algae
-contains chlorophyll a and phycobilins -ancestors of chloroplasts and rhodoplasts |
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chemautotrophic bacteria
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-make food, proteins and nucleic acids from scratch and without light
-oxidize H2S, NH4 and NO2 |
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photosynthetic bacteria
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-heliobacterium and prochloron (direct ancestor of chloroplasts)
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eukaryotic cell compartments
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chloroplasts, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum (makes proteins), golgi apparatus (processes proteins), nucleus, chromosomes
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serial symbiosis
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chloroplasts (originally prochloron) and mitochondria (originally purple non-sulfer bacteria) both have DNA and replicate themselves
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sex
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-meiosis (2N-->N)
-may have evolved as an error in cell division -advantages: hides bad genes, shuffles genetick deck, made it possible to create more complex organisms |
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eukaryotic kingdoms
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Protoctista: no blastulae, embryos, or complex ontogeny. Need moist habitats.
Fungi: no blastulae or embryos; ontogeny slightly complex. No cilia or flagella. Hypha stage predominates Plantae: have embryos and alternate N, 2N Animalia: have blastula embryo stage and larger egg than sperm cells |
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dinoflagellate
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-fossils appear in rocks 543 Ma
-nannofossils -ex: zooxanthellae in reef corals -kingdom protoctista |
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coccolithophores
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important for relative dating of sea floor sediments since the Jurassic
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diatoms
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2-piece opaline silica boxes found in marine or fresh water (Cretaceous to recent)
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red algae
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mostly tropical and sometimes calcifying/encrusting
ex: Goniolithon |
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green algae
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larger seaweeds
ex: Halimeda |
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radiolaria
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-planktonic (floating) marine, single cells
-opaline silica skeletons -Cambrian to recent -used to date deep ocean sediments |
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foraminifera
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-planktonic or benthic (bottom dwelling)
-marine or estuarine, single cells -Cambrian to recent -Up to 10 cm in diameter |
