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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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language death
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Process that affects speech community where the level of linguistic competence that speakers possess of a given language variety is decreased. Result in affects of idiom or dialects differences.
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language shift
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the process whereby a speech community of a language shift to speaking another language.
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Five Stage Shift
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1) monolingualism in Quechua (Quichua), (2) bilingualism but Quechua stronger than Spanish, (3) bilingualism with Quechua and Spanish approximately balanced, (4) bilingualism but Spanish dominant over Quechua, (5) monolingualism in Spanish. However, the idea of ‘stages’ can be misleading as change is continuous across many language dimensions (see Chapters 1 and 2).
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monolingualism
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"tongue language" or being able to speak just one language.
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Bilingualism
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the use of at least two languages by an individual.
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linguistic
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the science of language.
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diglossia
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Two languages coexisting within a region in a relatively stable relationship.
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Territorial principle
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a claim to the right to a language within a geographical area.
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Minority language can decline by..
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three generation shifts.
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Language resurrection is ______ and starts with _________________.
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slow ; enthusiasts.
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language has been a key __________ of national identity and seen as a badge of __________.
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symbol; loyalty |
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The languages of the world are rapidly declining in number with predictions of ____%-____% of the world's languages dying or near death.
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50%-90%
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Language planning is needed for language _______________.
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Maintenance
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Language planning includes three things;
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acquisition planning status planning corpus planning |
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Acquisition planning
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home and education
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status planning
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in key institutions
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corpus planning
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standardization and modernization |
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Language vitality's three factors
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1) economic social and symbolic status 2) geographical density and distribution of language minority speakers 3) institutional support factors (religion, administration, mass media, education and community) |
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Fishman's model of Reversing Language Shift has ____ stages.
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8
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An essential foundation for the re-building of a minority language in the family.
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transmission
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Language Skills
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refers to highly specific, observable, measurable, clearly definable components such as handwriting.
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Language competence
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a broad and general term, used particularly to describe an inner, mental representation of language, something latent rather than overt. Such competence refers usually to an underlying system inferred from language performance.
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Language performance
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hence becomes the outward evidence for language competence. By observing general language comprehension and production, language competence may be inferred.
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Language ability AND Language proficiency |
tend to be used more as 'umbrella' terms and therefore used somewhat ambiguously.
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Language achievement
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is usually seen as the outcome of formal instruction.
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Measured both for their proficiency and use of their languages.
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Bilinguals
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Language background scales |
measures a person's use of their languages in different domains and in different relationships.
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Language balance and dominance |
measures seek to gauge the relative strength of each language of a bilingual.
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Communicative language testing |
measures a person's use of language in authentic situations. |
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Criterion- reference language tests |
seek to provide a profile of language sub-skills, whereas norm-referenced tests compare a person with other people. |
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Critical language testing
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examines whose knowledge the tests are based on and for what political purposes the tests will be used.
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Language censuses
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measure the extent and density of speakers of different language.
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Bilinguals typically use their two languages with different people in different _________ and for different __________.
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Contexts; purposes.
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Language abilities are ;
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Listening, speaking, reading and writing.
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Balanced bilinguals with equal and strong competence in their two languages are ________
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RARE
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monolingual or fractional view
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sees bilinguals as two monolinguals inside one person.
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Holistic View
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sees bilinguals as a complete linguistic entity, an integrated whole.
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Language Competence
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includes competence in different social and cultural situations with different people.
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