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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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categorical syllogism |
major premise is a categorical statement that includes or excludes all of a subject, the minor statement identifies the subject as belonging to or excluded from the category ("all or nothing" statement) |
All men are mortals > Socrates is a man > Socrates is mortal |
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disjunctive syllogism |
major premise based on a division between only two possible options, minor premise confirms or denies one of the options ("either/or" statement) |
president will sign or veto the bill > president favors the bill > president will sign the bill |
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hypothetical syllogism |
major premise based on conditional relationship between an antecedent and a consequent, minor premise confirms condition or denies the consequence ("if/then" statement) |
if deadline is missed, you can't enroll > you missed the deadline > you cannot enroll |
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enthymeme |
informal reasoning rather than formal logic; made up of any number/type of stated and unstated premises; conclusion based on probability or likelihood, not certainty |
it is raining outside, you should take an umbrella |
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persuasion |
a form of instrumental communication relying on emotion as well as reason to influence belief and behavior |
emotion + reason |
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chain argument |
interdependent secondary claims |
1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5 > proposition |
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cluster argument |
independent secondary claims
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proposition v v v 1 2 3 |
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substrata of argument |
issues affecting the claims but that are not stated, underlying assumptions, beliefs, or values (warrants, reasoning, audience knowledge, language referents) |
under the surface |
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proposition |
a statement that identifies the argumentative ground and points to the change in belief or behavior sought by the advocate |
being nonreligious does not make someone a less moral or "good" person |
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descriptive statistics |
based off of total population or group; simply describes what is found |
9 out of 28 people in the class wear glasses |
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inferential statistics |
based off of a sample of the total; what is found is then inferred to apply to the whole population |
surveyed people from a random sample of classes, found that 25% of them wear glasses; can be inferred then that 25% of CPP students wear glasses |
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high order abstraction |
very vague, unspecific wording |
"something" attacked me |
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low order abstraction |
very specific wording |
"my neighbor's Rottweiler named Gunner" attacked me |
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ethos |
influence because of who the arguer is; credibility |
ethics |
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logos |
appeals to logic and reason |
logic |
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pathos |
appeals to emotion |
sympathy |
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claim of fact |
claim about what is/was/will be true |
Trump's wall will negatively affect America. |
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claim of value |
claim about what is/was/will be fair, moral, or worthwhile; ethics (right or wrong) and aesthetics (quality or value) |
Trump's Muslims ban is unjust. |
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claim of policy |
claim about what action should be taken or what choice followed (no past, only present and future) |
Trump should be impeached. |
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personal example |
from your own experience, add credibility |
I myself have been discriminated against |
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hypothetical example |
a probable "what if" scenario |
if the bill is passed, someone's rights may be violated |
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specific instances |
lack detail/narrative of an actual example |
case of a shooting in this particular state |
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inductive reasoning |
makes broad generalizations or assumptions from specific instances, based on likelihood or probability rather than certainty |
enthymemes |
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deductive reasoning |
conclusion reached based on true and established premises, certainty |
syllogisms |
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public opinion |
statistical polling, opinion leaders, public forums (best for claims of value or policy) |
studies show that Trump's approval rating is really low |
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expert testimony |
opinion of an authority in the area of conflict; field dependent; potential bias
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widely respected biologist says that birds evolved from dinosaurs |
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bias |
prejudice against something versus another, usually considered unfair |
a racist is biased against black people |
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reluctant testimony |
opinion contrary to the potential bias, adds ethos |
A Republican saying that Trump's wall will harm the economy |
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factual data |
independent verification, precise objective language (no inference), objectivity is widely acknowledged |
I am 5 feet 3 inches tall |
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Toulmin model |
grounds -------------------------> claim ^ ^ ^ warrant qualifier rebuttal ^ backing |
what your claims are supported by, how you help your audience side with you |
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grounds |
information of fact or opinion used to verify the claim; also termed evidence |
you should believe my claim because... |
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claim |
a statement that does not stand alone without further proof, a conclusion the audience will not accept without verification |
the Hindu god Vishnu exists |
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warrant |
the pattern of reasoning that justifies the inferential leap from grounds (which are known to be true or probable) to claim |
this evidence > this claim |
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backing |
information that supports the warrant and helps legitimize the inferential leap from grounds to claim |
why the warrant is reliable |
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reservation (rebuttal) |
a statement that limits a claim, showing the degree of force an arguer believes a claim posesses |
smoking causes some (not "all") people to get cancer |
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Brockreide's model of argument |
Three qualities must be present to contain an argument 1.) problematic 2.) perception/choice 3.) 6 characteristics: - an inferential leap - a rationale for the leap - two or more choices - uncertainty - risk - a shared frame of reference |
triangle "corral" |
