Midterm

Front 1

Neuro-Ethology:

Back 1

Study of the neural mechanisms of behavior

Front 2

Tinbergens Cornerstones of Behavioral Studies

Back 2

1.Function
2. causation
3.Development
4. Evolutionary history

Front 3

Function

Back 3

How does the behavior impact the animals chances of survival and reproduction

Front 4

Causation

Back 4

What are the stimuli that elicit the response and what is the neural processing

Front 5

Develpoment

Back 5

How does this change with age

Front 6

Evolutionary History

Back 6

Comparative biology... How did it come about?

Front 7

What are the hopes of Neuro-Ethologist

Back 7

1. to understand physiology.. (the How?)
2. to understand history ... (the why?)

Front 8

Father of Neuro-Ethology

Back 8

Krogh

Front 9

Krogh Principle

Back 9

Animal species processing extremes of adaptation are especially suited as model systems for elucidating general principles

Front 10

Neuro-ethology top down approach

Back 10

1. study a stereotyped behavior quantitatively
2. what stimuli elicit/ are involved
3. what parameter of the stimulus is the animal sensitive to
4. predict how behavior will change with changes in the stimulus parameter
5. what sort of computations should a hypothetical neural circuit perform to form the basis of observed observation
6. search and determine specific neural circuitry
7. lesion the circuit and quantify the effects on behavior.

Front 11

Dichotomy

Back 11

Behavior is either genetic or Behavior is due to the environment

Front 12

End of Dichotomy

Back 12

due to marler konish white crowned sparrow song learning

Front 13

Innate behavior

Back 13

1,Must be stereotyped and constant in form
2.Must be characteristic of the species or gender of species
3.Must appear in animals that were raised in isolation
4.It must be expressed in full form from animals that have been prevented from practicing it

Front 14

Fixed Action Patterns (FAP's)

Back 14

Stereotyped patterns of movement common to all members of a species, often performed in response to a specific sign stimuli. Once initiated Fap's will continue until completion

Front 15

Properties of FAP's

Back 15

1. Require a specific stimulus
2. Behavioral threshold may vary.extreme is vacuum
3.Once initiated FAP will occur even if the eliciting stimulus is removed
4.Highly sterotyped within a species
5.One FAP can include a sign stimulus for another FAP
6.Not affected by learning

Front 16

Feature Detectors

Back 16

Need a sensory system specific to the sign stimulus

Front 17

Innate Releasing Mechanism

Back 17

Functionally organized, Neaural Circuit that filters just the required features from the sensory input and detects a specific sign stimulus, then initiates the appropriate behavioral response

Front 18

Motor Circuit

Back 18

Motor system specific to generating the FAP

Front 19

Habituation

Back 19

If an animal is repeatedly given a stimulus which is not associated with a reward or punishment , it ceases to respond

Front 20

Von Frisch Color Vision in Bees

Back 20

Sugar water in certain pattern of colors, Sugar water is moved along with pattern , bee finds sugar water by finding pattern.

Front 21

Operant conditioning

Back 21

Trial and error learning

Front 22

Insight Learning

Back 22

Learning occurs too rapidly, that trial and error can be discounted (E.G ravens)

Front 23

Imprinting

Back 23

A predisposition to learn
within a critical period, no reinforcement is needed and it is irreversible

Front 24

Lorenz imprinting Study

Back 24

2-3 day old chicks follow moving object as mothers ,Unique form of learning

Front 25

Cray Fish Nervous System

Back 25

1. Brain
2. Subesophageal Ganglion
3. 5 thoracic Ganglia
4. Six abdominal Ganglia
-communicates through connectives
-to three paired roots

Front 26

3 Rooots

Back 26

Root 1-Sensory/Motor ; controls swimmerettes
Root 2-Sensory/Motor ; Controls Extensor Muscles
Root 3-Only Motor ; which controls the flexor muscles

Front 27

MG CEll

Back 27

MG Cell Bodies and dendrites are found in the brain , their axons extend all the way to the last abdominal segment

Front 28

LG Cell

Back 28

CEll bodies and dendrites are found in individual abdominal ganglia (One in each).They are connected to each other electrically

Front 29

5 Anterior Abdominal Segments

Back 29

Contain Flexor and Extensor Muscles
-Medial Giant escape-flexion of all 6 segments
-Lateral Escape -flexion of anterior 3 segments

Front 30

one complete escape response

Back 30

Includes a flexion followed by extention

Front 31

Action of GMN(Giant Motor Neurons)

Back 31

Innervate the flexor muscles at the abdominal segment
-MGI- innervates all motor giants
_LGI- Innervates the anterior 3 giant motor neur

Front 32

Command Neuron

Back 32

Neuron whose activity is necessary and sufficient for causing FAP

Front 33

Sufficency test fo LGI

Back 33

Remove function of LGI leads to inability to produce escape behavior

Front 34

LGI Reflex circuit

Back 34

1.sensory input
2.Sensory inter-neurons
A cells-short lived phasic responder that project to .. brain and connect w/lgi along the way
C- Cells-tonic long lived responder that projects to ....... lgi responsible for initial detection
3. LGI conncect to Motor giants
4. Mog connect to flexor muscles
5. Fast flexor muscles

Front 35

LGI Chain Reflex

Back 35

1st circuit-Sensory-lgi mediated tail flip
2nd Circuit -extension- sequence of behaviors
3rd Circuit-Swimming Circuit-independeng of lgi

Front 36

1st circuit Sensory
Optimal Stimulus
Rapid tap to abdomen

Back 36

Lgi: this is a high threshold neuron with a very strict coincidence detection property becuse alpha and beta input need to fire almost simultaniously and this will only happen if an atacker comes in fast and hard at the back of the cray fish. CD due to fast time constants and high threshold

Front 37

Alpha and BETA

Back 37

Alpha reflects the direct input to the lgi(fast)
Beta reflects a two synapse sequence (slow)
correct sequence behavior
1. flexion (inhibit of ext)-dep on lgi
2. extension (inhabition of flex) not dep on lgi
3. swimming away not dep on lgi

Front 38

Circuit 2. Extension

Back 38

Depends on MRO (muscle receptor organ) stretch receptorsthat when stretched excites fast extensor motor neurons and fast flexor inhibitors also depends on excitation of fast extensor muscles by sensory afferants therefore flexion needs to happen before mro's can be activated

Front 39

Circuit 3. Swimming

Back 39

Swimming occurs independently of lgi (flexion) and extension. You can lesion the lgi and cray fish will stll swim away. The swimming behavior is delayed 200-300 msec. actvation of the swiming CPG(central pattern generator) by sensory afferants. This is a delayed response to original stimulus

Front 40

Command Derived Inhibition

Back 40

Important to make sure timing is correct of flexion and extention (not simultaniously)
LGI initiates a lot of inhibition by activating inhibitory neurons IPSPs

Front 41

Monaural Cues in barn owls

Back 41

Known Elevation due to shape of ears (ILD) Right ear hears first then it is coming from above, left ear hears first then it is coming from below

Front 42

Binaural Cues

Back 42

IID, ITD, differences between the two ears
Interaural intensity /time difference

Front 43

ITD

Back 43

Interaural time difference
Calculating Horizontal Plane due to temporal ongoing disparity not onset or offset.

Front 44

ILD

Back 44

Interaural Level Difference
Calculated by shape of the ear
Rigth points up while left ear points down.

Front 45

Dichotic stimulation

Back 45

miniature earphones designed for owls to keep ILD's teh same and Change ITD's, Play right ear and then left , they will turn right. Look right or left but not down or up.

Front 46

parallel pathways for Level and Time information

Back 46

Lidocaine used NA observed a reversible disruption of space specific neurons selectivity for level disparity with out affecting it's selectivity for time disparity

Front 47

Nucleus Angularis

Back 47

Sensitive to intensity no sensitivity to phasic information

Front 48

Nucleus Magnocellularis

Back 48

Phase locking sensitive to timing information also slightly sensitive to frequency but only threshold information

Front 49

ICX

Back 49

Exterior nucleus of inferior colliculus
Tonotopic map/ auditory space map
Space specific neurons reside here

Front 50

Fundamental feature of Space specific neurons

Back 50

These neurons are specifically binaural, meaning they need both cues from ILD and ITD to excite.
Each neuron responds to a combination of ITD and ILD which determine that neurons receptive field

Front 51

Nucleus Laminaris

Back 51

Potential site of time place conversions
Axons from left and right of NM interdigitate with NL>
specific Itd's are compensated by the transmission time delay. Through depths of nucleus luminaris from each side.

Front 52

Pathway for ICX

Back 52

ICX to Optic Tectum to Brain Stemto Tegmunton to Motor Nuclei for gaze control

Front 53

Studying Multisensory Integration in Barn owls

Back 53

1. Calibration: one sensory input calibrating another sensory input
2. Neural mechanisms of experience dependent activity.
3. critical period plasticity

Front 54

Owl auditory pathway

Back 54

Inner ear (basilar Membrane)
2 Cochlear Nuclei
1. Nucleus angularus 2. Nucleaus Magnocellularis
1. NA projects Directly to (ICC) Nucleus of Inferior Colliculus---2. Nucleus Magnocellularis Projects to Nucleus Laminaris, NL then projects to (ICX) exterior nucleus of inferior colliculus.

Front 55

Jeffress model

Back 55

1.Coincidence detection in NL
2. Delay lines
supported by anatomical evidence

Front 56

Sensory motor control of sound localization

Back 56

left cochlear nucleus(ITD)- to Nucleus luminarus to ICX
Right(ILd) Coclhlear Nucleus-Direct to ICC
Mid brain (ICC-ICX) to optic tectum (spatial map of all sensory information) to Brainstem tegmungtum to motor nuclei for gaze control

Front 57

Ionopheoresis Barell

Back 57

Local application of agonist or antagonist to effect neuron firing

Front 58

ICC-icx-optic tectum

Back 58

topograpical similar to ITD and ILD values. Horizontal shifts in auditory spacial location due to prism.

Front 59

Neural tracers

Back 59

regrograde: taken up by axon terminals and transported toward the cell body
Antograde: taken up by cell bodies and trosport to terminals

Front 60

Visual Receptive Fields with prism

Back 60

Changing the visual receptive field leads to changes in the wriing to the icx from the ICC they found this using anterograde tracers. Maintains old connections but suppreses them.

Front 61

Critical period

Back 61

Owls that were still young could re calibrate their auditory receptive field due to prism. When the glasses were removed at a young age owls could go back to their old connections revert back to old pathway.

Front 62

Plasticity in older adult owls

Back 62

Plasticity could only be induced in older adult owls when their visual field was disrupted at a young age. After they re calibrated and the prims was removed and they revert back to prior prism addition. As adults if the prism was presented again they could recall the old connection they had as young owls. This is the only way they could recalibrate.