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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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• Papyrus
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made from reed like plant that grew in the Nile Valley. Resembles paper.
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• Block-cutting
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– carved wooden blocks (called woodcuts) inked and pressed on to page (Europeans also adopted)
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• Parchment
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made from dried animal skins
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codex
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book made from parchment
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• The first books in the US came over on the
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Mayflower (1620)
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• First book printed in the Colonies
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: Bay Psalm Book (1640)
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• Chapbook
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– inexpensive early form of paperback containing stories for pleasure
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starts the first library in Philadelphia
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Benjamin Franklin
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• In 1732 Franklin publishes what book
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Poor Richard’s Almanac
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• Thomas Paine’s
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Common Sense
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Dime novels ended w the passage of
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the Copyright Act of 1891
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significance of the paperback
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• Changed culture – made reading common for everyone
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how do books get published?
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author, acquisitions editor, media editor, designer, production editor, manufacturing supervisor, marketing advertising promotion, fulfillment
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Advertising-Editorial Ratio set by publisher
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The balance between the space for advertising vs news
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News hole
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– the number of pages left over for news after advertising accounted for.
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Editor
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– in charge of all operations to fill the news hole
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Managing Editor
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– coordinates the work of the sections within the paper
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Beat
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– long-term assignment that covers a single topic area
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Copy Editors
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– edit the stories written by reporters for length, accuracy, style and grammar. Also write the headlines to accompany the stories
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Cost Per Thousand Readers or CPM (cost per million)
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– basic measurement of advertising efficiency in all media used by advertisers to evaluate how much space they will buy in a given newspaper (or other medium) and what price they will pay
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Paywall
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– barrier that prevents people from accessing digital material without paying first
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Acta Diurna
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(Journal of Daily Events) written on a tablet & posted on a wall
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One page news sheets which appeared in the early 1600s in the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium
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corantos
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English daily newspapers began, called
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diurnals
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Broadsides/Broadsheets
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– single sheet announcements of events posted for the public
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Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick
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first newspaper in the 13 Colonies
published in 1690 in Boston edited by Benjamin Harris Lasted only one day |
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Stamp Act (1765) –
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one cent tax on every copy of published paper documents (including newspapers)
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Federalist Papers (1788)
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– Articles designed to gain popular support for the then-proposed Constitution – by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay
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Alien and Sedition Acts passed (1791)
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– Made writing critical info about the govt. illegal. Over 20 paper editors arrested/imprisoned. Law failed to be renewed 2 yrs later.
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Freedom’s Journal (1827)
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First African American newspaper
Countered negative messages in popular papers of the day |
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Frederick Douglass
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Wrote anti-slavery articles for The Ram’s Horn & founded the North Star (1847) which was pivotal to abolitionist movement
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penny press
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to reach largest possible audience
tabloid style (sensationalism) "The Sun" Ben Day |
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The Wire Services
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(revenue saving. Send one reporter to major site then distrib. to other papers)
New York Associated Press (1846) Western Associated Press (1862) Associated Press (1892) International News Service (1909) |
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Joseph Pulitzer
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– New York World
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William Randolph Hearst
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– San Francisco Examiner
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Adolph Ochs
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– purchases NYT (1896)
Resisted sensationalism Emphasized impartiality and independence Promoted objectivity |
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o First magazines in the U.S.:
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• American Magazine
• General Magazine |
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magazines Primarily served as source for
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political expression
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o Magazines
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become our first ‘national’ medium
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• First large circulation magazine
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= The Saturday Evening Post
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o Magazines Specialize
• Magazines flourish by focusing on targeted readership/content: such as... |
o Women’s issues
o Social movements o Arts and literature o Politics |
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• The Postal Act of 1879
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o Facilitated growth of the industry by reducing postage cost for delivery
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5 major types of magazines
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business to business/trade mags
consumer mags literary and academic newsletters comics |
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• Samuel Morse
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• introduced the telegraph
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• Alexander Graham Bell
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• exhibited the telephone
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• liquid barretter
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(1903) first audio device permitting reception of wireless voices (invented in Canada).
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• Heinrich Hertz
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Radiation (1887) achieved this goal.
• sent and received wireless signals over short distances |
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Marconi
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• Send/receive telegraph code over distances as great as 2 miles
• Successfully transmitted across English Channel in 1899 and across the Atlantic in 1901. |
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• audion tube
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vacuum tube that improved and amplified wireless signals.
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• Thomas Edison
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patented the phonograph (1877)
• device for duplicating sound, using grooved cylinder and needle |
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• Emile Berlinger’s
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(1887) gramophone solves this problem
• flat, rotating, wax-coated disc could easily be copied • also developed a sophisticated microphone |
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Columbia Phonograph Company
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creates the two-sided disc
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• The significance of these simultaneous advances: Radio and Recording device
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• For the first time in history radio allowed people to hear the words and music of others who were not in their presence.
• This set the stage for the coming of broadcasting |
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• Radio Corporation of America (RCA)
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• US Govt forced the competing companies to merge
- American Marconi, General Electric (GE), American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T), and Westinghouse joined in 1919 to create RCA |
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• First commercial radio broadcast (among many around this time):
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October 27, 1920 in Pittsburg, PA (KDKA)
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Wireless Ship Act of 1910
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• requires all ships using U.S. ports and carrying over 50 passengers have working wireless
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• Radio Act of 1927
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established to restore order again
• Authorized broadcasters to use the radio channels (which belong to the public), but not own them • Licenses now awarded based on serving “public interest, convenience, or necessity” |
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Federal Radio Commission (FRC) to administer the Act
• Based on trustee model of regulation, founded on two premises: |
• spectrum scarcity – broadcast spectrum space (frequencies) is limited and not everyone who wants to broadcast can, those who are granted licenses to serve a local area must accept regulation
• influence – broadcasting reaches virtually everyone in society. By definition, ensures its power |
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• Communications Act of 1934
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• FRC becomes the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
• FCC regulates all interstate broadcasting communication |
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• Telecommunications Act of 1996
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• Deregulated radio (and communications media) ownership rules
• Removed the limit on the number of radio stations one company can own, nationally. |
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• Network
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– group of interconnected broadcasting stations, sharing programming, under a parent company supplying programming
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• Owned and Operated Stations (O&Os)
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– owned and run by the network, air everything the network provides
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• Affiliates
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– local station that contracts w network (but is not owned by it) to air the network’s programming (as well as its own)
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• Music format determined by:
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type
time activity sophistication |
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• Goal of radio
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= maintain largest possible audience by keeping core audience but attracting fringe listeners
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• The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)
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files charges (2003) against those it claimed were illegally circulating music and aims to shut down these websites
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• Convergence
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o Combining music sales in magazines and readers were able to read and purchase music from online magazines
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o Label
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- A division of a recording company that releases a certain type of music and reflects a certain theme/personality
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dominant record corporations
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Universal
Sony WMG Indies |
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• Media
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- platform or device developed for the purpose of creating and sending media messages such as books, TV, films, recordings, magazines, digital media, etc.
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• Media Convergence
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– when products typically linked to one medium merge with other media, linking technologies, industries, and/or content
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• Audience Fragmentation
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- Dividing audience members into segments based on background and lifestyle in order to send the messages targeted to their specific characteristics
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• Media Consolidation
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– process by which smaller number of large conglomerates own more and more of the media market
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• Media Consolidation has progressed rapidly due to ________________.
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deregulation
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• Deregulation
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- reduction/elimination of government control in an industry which often accelerates conglomerates growth via Vertical integration
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• Vertical integration
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– one company acquires all aspects of production, distribution, exhibition of a single media product (purchasing everything on the path of production – buying all the means to make the industry) so the company owns the diff parts of the same industry
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• Horizontal integration
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– one company buys different kinds of media, allowing cross merchandising, often buying out the competition in the same section of the market.
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• Today, 90% of US media is owned by 6 companies:
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• Walt Disney Co
• Viacom • Time Warner • News Corp • Comcast • CBS Corp. |
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• Interpersonal Communication
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- Face to face communication involving two (or a small number) of individuals exchanging info, feelings, etc., by using their voices, facial and hand gestures, and other signals to convey meaning
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• Mediated Interpersonal Communication -
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Interpersonal communication thru the use of a device/technology such as computer, phone, etc (facetime, texting, etc)•
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Mass Communication
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- Industrialized production and multiple distribution of messages thru technology
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media thinks about audience in three ways
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demographics
psychographics lifestyle categories |
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• Entertainment
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– designed to keep audience’s attention by amusing them & leaving them with agreeable feelings
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• Formula
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– patterned approach to creating content around norms for the setting, typical types of characters, and typical patterns of action
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News
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– reporting on nonfiction events in print or electronic media
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hard news is categorized by:
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timeliness
unusualness conflict proximity objectivity accuracy |
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• Advertising
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- sells a message aimed at gaining favorable attention for certain products or services
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3 types of ads
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informational
hard-sell soft-sell |
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• Production
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– the creation of media materials for distribution to audience
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who does the work in production?
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admin
creative talent guilds |
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• Distribution
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– delivery of the product to point where it will be shown to intended audience
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• Exhibition
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– presenting the media product to the audience
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• Shelf Space
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– the time and/or area devoted to presenting your product to the consumer
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• Trade Incentives
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– cash payments, discounts, publicity, and/or incentives used to encourage an exhibitor to highlight a media product
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• Cooperative (co-op) advertising
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– production company or distributor paying for part of promotion/advertising
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where do profits come from?
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direct sales
license fees rentals usage fees subscription ads |
