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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the clinical signs of dementia?
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-memory loss
-aphasia -Apraxia -Agnosia -disturbance in executive functioning. Autopsy is the only reliable method of knowing. |
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Alzheimers: Familial
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We know about the genes involved in it.
-Early onset (40-50) -late onset (60-65) -Estimates that 50% of the genes inherited to the disease remain to be mapped. |
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Alzheimers: Sporadic
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We don't know the cause.
-Late onset: virtually all AD over the ager of 65 is sporadic. No reason is available. -multiple genetic and environmental influences. |
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What are the genetic risk factors for Alzheimers?
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1. ApoE gene
2. APP gene 3. Presenilin 1: age 45 mutation 4. Presenilin 2: age 54 mutation. |
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Explain the genetic factors involved with ApoE gene.
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Apo E has three allelic variations
-E2 -E3 and -E4 You inherit 1 allele from each parent *E2 E4 (Apo E4 heterozygote)= 3-4x more likely AD * E3 E4 (Apo E4 heterozygote)= 3-4x more likely AD * E4 E4 ( Apo E4 homozygote) =10-12x more likely AD |
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What is the Amyloid Hypothesis?
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-AD brain contains increased # of beta-amyloid plaques over time.
- Sporadic patients have decreased clearance of amyloid. -Amyloid is neurotoxic. -Presenillin genes abnormally process APP= 50% increase in beta amyloid. |
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What are Neurofibrillary Tangles?
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- Made up of Tau Proteins
- Tau maintains microtubules in the axon. -Tangles are formed when tau is chemically changed and can no longer support microtubules. -Result= collapse in transport in neuron. |
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What are medications for Alzheimer's patients?
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Anticholineresterases: decreases action of cholinesterase which allows acetylcholine to remain in the brain.
Memantine: Blocks glutamate receptors which reduces neuronal death. Antioxidants: Make oxygen more available for neurons. |
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What are some psychosocial treatments that can reduce burden on the Caregiver?
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- Behavioral methods to reduce problematic behavior and maintain independence. (eg. memory aids, structure, don't quiz).
- Education: ( eg. Routine, Guilt, take precautions and ask for help) |
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Lifestyle factors that can help reduce risk of Alzheimer's?
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High physical activity + high diet adherence = 35-44% risk reduction.
Diet (32-40%) and exercise (33-48%) alone can reduce |
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Lifestyle factors that can help reduce risk of Alzheimer's?
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High physical activity + high diet adherence = 35-44% risk reduction.
Diet (32-40%) and exercise (33-48%) alone can reduce |
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What are some reversible Dementias due to treatable conditions?
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- Normal pressure hydrocephalus
- subdural haemotoma -delerium -polypharmacy -depression |
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Attention: generalized Slowing
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reductions in CNS capacity--> limited energy for cognitive processes = increased reaction time.
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Attention: Inhibitory deficits
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Attention requires: activation and inhibition
Limited resources for inhibition--> increased reaction time. e.g in class you have to inhibit hunger, sleepiness to be able to pay attention. |
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Abilities that decline in memory with age.
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- Episodic Memory
-Source Memory -False Memory -Tip of the tongue -Prospective Memory |
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Abilities that do NOT decline in memory with age.
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-flashbulb Memory
-semantic Memory - Procedural Memory -Autobiographical Memory - Implicit Memory |
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Which type of memory tends to decline with age? Why?
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Working memory.
b/c of reduction in cognitive processing we are unable to keep up. (speed deficit hypothesis) b/c there is an accumulation of mental clutter (inhibitory deficit). |
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What are some memory improvement strategies?
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- Practice
- Increased environmental support -take more time. |
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Changes in language in later life happen due to...
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1. declines in working memory
2. slowing of cognitive processing. 3. retrieval deficits. 4. Loss of grammatical complexity 5. hearing and visual problems. |
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Communication predicament model
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Elderspeak results in:
-increased retention -Further declines. Uses: Patronizing speech and "infantization". They tend to just shut down when they assimilate how you're acting to them with stereotypes with age. Slowing down and decreasing tone can help them though, but everything else doesn't. |
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What are the concepts of "g"?
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-"General factor" of intelligence.
-High levels of "g" related to high performance on tests of specific abilities. Older people have lower IQ because it measures speed, and they process slower. |
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What is the Fluid-Crystallized Theory?
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Fluid: Novel speed and problem solving (decreases with age).
Crystallized: Knowledge and facts. (increases with age). |
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What are the individual differences in PMA patterns?
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-Health status
-Sensory abilities -Frontal lobe functioning -Gender -Mental Activity -Spouse's abilities -Personal flexibility vs rigidity |
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Wisdom
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There is no associations between wisdom and age.
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Diet and cognition
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Omega 3 fatty acids: cognitive improvement in the elderly.
Curcumin: Amelioration of cognitive decay Flavonoids: Cognitive enhancement. |
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Mortality doubling rate
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This is the probability of death. After 10-11 this rate starts and every 8 years it doubles.
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Physiological/ functional age
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This is a better predictor of age. Especially in older adults.
It looks at their physiological fitness and functional fitness. |
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Primary Aging
Secondary aging Successful Aging Terminal Drop |
-natural processes involved with age.
- changes due to disease - ways of preventing or compensating -rapid loss |
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Social clock
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Aged-based normatives.
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Normative age-graded
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The expectations that certain cultures and historical periods attach onto certain ages. Eg. Marriage at a certain age.
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Normative history-graded
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Events that occur to everyone in a particular culture or country. Eg the depression.
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Non- normative influences
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random events that happen by coincidence, or due to a certain individual
eg. winning the lottery |
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Principles of adult development and aging
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1. Changes occur in a continuous fashion. People don't tend to feel different as they age.
2. Older adults have avoided dealth. |
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What are 5 ways to shorten your lifespan?
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1. Obesity
2. Drinking and driving 3. Smoking 4. not eating fruits and vegetables 5. not being physically active |
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What are individual differences with aging?
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People become individually more different as they move through adulthood.
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Maximal Longevity
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The maximum amount of years that a human can live in optimal conditions. (approx 120yrs).
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What are the problems with determining maximal longevity?
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1. very few accurate birth records exist for people over 100 today.
2. Universal birth records didn't exist until 1940. |
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What are some of the implications with the aging populations?
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1. Driving retesting
2. increased taxes and healthcare 3. more affordable housing. 4. politicians shifting towards older adults 5. changes in the media 6. changes in what's attractive 7. more demands for work in older care. |
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What are the biological theories and models about aging?
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1. Genetic Programmed aging theories
- telomere theory 2. Random Errors theory - free radical theory - collagen theory - Error catastophe |
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What is the telomere theory?
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- Similar to a suicide gene.
Replicative senescence: Cells have a limited number of replications before they can no longer replicate. Telome: This is the counting device. It tells the cell when to stop dividing. (Hayflick limit) |
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Criticisms of the Programmed aging theory
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1. it confuses death and aging
2. it tries to use evolution to say that it focuses on the species. Problem is that evolution looks at the individual, not the species. |
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What is a collagen molecule?
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-long fibrous protein
-strands form a triple helix -makes up most of the connective tissue in the body (skin, cartilage, tendons, bones, lens in the eye). |
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What is cross linking?
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-Sugars in the bloodstream attach to the collagen
-Forms a new chemical structure called AGEs -collagen becomes less elastic, tougher and tends to crack and tear. |
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What is the Free Radical theory?
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- Free radicals are atoms that have unpaired electrons and try and steal electrons from good molecules. This causes damage to cells.
-Antioxidants donate an electron to the free radical and prevent damage. -Exercising increases free radicals. |
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Eriksons adult stages
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1. Identity achievement VS Identity confusion.
2. Intimacy VS Isolation 3. Generativity VS Stagnation 4. Ego Integrity VS Despair |
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What is Schaie's "Most Efficient Design"
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Time Sequential: Age and test year
Cohort Sequential: Age and Cohort Cross Sequential: Test year and cohort |
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Forms of Reliabilty
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Gives consistant responses.
-Test-retest -internal consistency |
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Forms of Validity
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Measures what it is suppose to measure
-Content validity -construct validity -criterion |
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In order to be Ethical:
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-Informed consent
-debriefing -provide resources -right to withdrawl - confidentiality of data |
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What are the changes made to the skin?
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-loss of elasticity
-discoloration -lack of oil and sweat production -surface damage -loss of subcutaneous fat ** Execrated by photoaging** |
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What are the four steps in making a wrinkle?
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1. Outer layer of skins thins due to cell loss.
2. Collagen loses its flexibility due to cross-linking. 3. elastin fibers lose their ability to stretch, which leads to sagging. 4. We lose fat due to it moving to torso. |
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What happens to height with aging?
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- vertebrae shrink
-weight gain the loss -redistribution of fat. Our basal metabolic rate decreases 3% every 10 years. |
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What is sarcopenia?
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Loss of muscle mass
-lose 12-15% every decade starting in 40-50's |
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What happens in the bones?
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Loss of strength.
Decreases 5-12% every decade. After 25 we have our maximum bone density. |
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What happens in joints?
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-loss of cartilage
-damage is cumulative over time |
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What happens in the cardiovascular system?
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- loss of aerobic capacity 10% per decade.
Vasculopathology of aging: thickening of arteries. |
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What happens to urinary system?
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6% loss of nephrons every decade.
loss of bladder expandability |
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What happens in menopause?
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Hormone loss= bone loss, heart disease and memory loss.
* Hormone replacement therapy can help reduce the impacts of menopause. |
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Models of aging in the nervous system?
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1. Neuronal Fallout: Neurons are progressively lost.
2. Plasticity: Neurons form new synapses throughout life. |
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What are the changes in vision??
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Presbyopia: Stiffening and hardening of the lens. Inability to see up close. (primary aging)
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What are the changes in Hearing?
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Presbycusis: Inability to hear high pitched tones due to changes in cochlea.
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What are secondary effects on vision?
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Cateracts: cloudy vision.
Macular Degeneration: - destruction of photoreceptors - distortion and blurring - dark/empty areas in central vision Glaucoma: build up of pressure inside the eye. -loss of peripherals. |
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What are secondary effects on Cardiovascular system?
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*Atherosclorosis: Accumulation of fat inside the arteriole walls. Blockage.
*Arteriosclorosis: Thickening and hardening of the arteries *Coronary artery disease: blockage of arteries that feed heart muscle. *Myocardial Infarction: heart attack. Blood supply is blocked. *Hypertension: 140/90 * Congestive heart failure: Heart is unable to pump blood anymore. Fluid buildup...death. * Cerebrovascular stroke: artery leading to brain is blocked. *Transient Ischemic Attack: Temporary blockage. |
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What is Metabolic Syndrome?
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- abdominal obesity
-triglycerides -low HDL cholesterol -High blood pressure -Fasting Glucose. |
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What are the most common types of cancer?
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-skin
-breast -uterus, cervix and ovary -colon and stomach -lung |
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What are risk factors for cancer?
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-Exposure to the sun
-cigarette smoke -diet -environmental toxins -obesity |
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Secondary effects on musculoskeletal system?
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*Osteroarthritis: Degenerative joint disease. Develops due to joint damage from overuse.
*Rheumatoid Arthritis: Inflammatory autoimmune disease. *Osteoporosis: Less dense bones |
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What is diabetes?
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Type 1: Autoimmune (genetic)
Type 2: Pancreas doesn't produce insulin anymore... most common and preventable. Gestational: During pregnancy |
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Criteria for Alzheimers diagnosis:
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1. Dementia
2. Significant cognitive deficiencies 3. progressive deterioration 4. no loss of consciousness 5. 40-90 yrs old. 6. no other diseases You can only Confirm AD after death. |
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Interactionalist Model of development
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emphasizes processes such as niche-picking in which there is a reciprocal interaction between the individual and the environment.
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Organismic Model
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regard development as an unfolding of genetic processes
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Mechanistic Model
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emphasize the role of the environment in shaping development.
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Interactionist model
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include the concepts of multidimensionality and multidirectionality, and they regard plasticity as an important element of development. Reciprocal processes in which individuals affect and are affected by their environment are a focus of interactionist models. The biopsychosocial perspective fits within the interactionist model.
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