Midterm

Front 1

Neuron

Back 1

-functional units of the nervous system
-they transmit messages to and from the brain
-

Front 2

myelin

Back 2

-fatty sheath surrounding neurons
-provides insulation, ensuring that electrical impulses are able to flow

Front 3

dendrite

Back 3

small short nerve fibers
-they conduct nerve impulses toward the cell body after recieving info from other neurons

Front 4

axon

Back 4

emerging from the neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body

Front 5

neurotransmitter

Back 5

-through chemical means, transfer the impulse from one neuron to another through the synapse

Front 6

central nervous system

Back 6

-made up of the brain and spinal cord

Front 7

cranium

Back 7

the skull; bony cover over the brain

Front 8

vertebra

Back 8

A vertebra is one of 33 bony segments that form the spinal column of humans

Front 9

cervical vertebrae

Back 9

The seven segments of the vertebral column located in the neck

Front 10

thoracic vertebrae

Back 10

The segments of the vertebral column, usually twelve

Front 11

lumbar

Back 11

the segments of the lower back, usually 5

Front 12

sacrum

Back 12

5 lowest vertebrae in lower back

Front 13

coccyx

Back 13

the last bone of the spinal column; tailbone

Front 14

meninges

Back 14

membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Front 15

cerebrospinal fluid

Back 15

spinal fluid: clear liquid produced in the ventricles of the brain; fills and protects cavities in the brain and spinal cord

Front 16

cerebrum

Back 16

the largest part of the brain

Front 17

cortex

Back 17

a thing layer grey matter covering the cerebrum
-has billions of nerve cells
-3 areas- motor, sensory, and associational

Front 18

cerebellum

Back 18

The portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the brain stem. It is responsible for the coordination of movement and balance.

Front 19

brain stem

Back 19

portion of the CNS located at base of the brain between cerebrum and spinal cord
-Basic functions such as heart rate and breathing are controlled here.

Front 20

peripheral nervious system

Back 20

all nerves extending from the brain and spinal cord

Front 21

nerve

Back 21

bundle of fibers outside the CNS

Front 22

cranial nerves

Back 22

peripheral nerves that transmit messages directly to the brain

Front 23

spinal nerves

Back 23

peripheral nerves that connect and transmit messages directly to the spinal cord

Front 24

sensory nerves

Back 24

peripherial nerves that carry messages toward the CNS

Front 25

motor nerves

Back 25

peripheral nerves that carry impulses from the CNS to other parts of the body

Front 26

edema

Back 26

The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body

Front 27

hematoma

Back 27

sac filled w. accumulated blood

Front 28

concussion

Back 28

mild to moderate head injury in which a loss of consiousness occurs, varying form a few minutes to 24 hours after the injury

Front 29

cerebral contusion

Back 29

A bruise to the brain resulting from a head injury. May be visualised on a CT scan of the head.

Front 30

coma

Back 30

A deep prolonged unconsciousness where the patient cannot be aroused. This is usually as the result of a head injury, neurological disease,

Front 31

ataxia

Back 31

Failure of muscular coordination, irregularity of muscular action.

Front 32

aphasia

Back 32

A defect or loss of the ability to speak or write, loss of ability to understand spoken or written language, due to injury or disease of the brain centres.

Front 33

cerebrovascular accident

Back 33

usually a stroke

Front 34

cerbral thrombosis

Back 34

Clotting of blood in a cerebral vessel

Front 35

cerebral embolism

Back 35

A situation in which a wandering clot (embolus) or some other particle lodges in a blood vessel in the brain; a common cause of stroke

Front 36

cerebral aneurysm

Back 36

A dilated and weakened portion of a cerebral blood vessel that is prone to rupture. A cerebral aneurysm may occur as a birth defect or develop as the result of long-standing poorly controlled hypertension.

Front 37

transient ischemic attacks

Back 37

(TIA) temporary blocking of cerebral atteries, causing slight temporary neurological deficits
"warning stroke"- stroke-like symtoms but no lasting damage

Front 38

hemiplegia

Back 38

paralysis on half of body

Front 39

contracture

Back 39

deformity in which a permanent contraction of a muscle occurs, resulting in the immobility of a joint

Front 40

scoliosis

Back 40

A congenital lateral curvature of the spine

Front 41

remission

Back 41

A complete or partial disappearance of the signs and symptoms of disease in response to treatment. The period during which a disease is under control. A remission, however, is not necessarily a cure.

Front 42

exacerbation

Back 42

An increase in the severity of a disease of its symptoms.

Front 43

paresthesia

Back 43

Abnormal neurological sensations which include: numbness, tingling, burning, prickling and hyperesthesia (increased sensitivity). Any abnormality of sensation.

Front 44

vertigo

Back 44

dizziness
An illusion of movement, a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient

Front 45

dysphagia

Back 45

difficulty in swallowing

Front 46

incontinence

Back 46

The inability to control excretory functions, as defecation or urination

Front 47

bradykinesia

Back 47

An abnormal slowness of movement, sluggishness of physical and mental responses

Front 48

akinesia

Back 48

The temporary paralysis of a muscle by the injection of procaine.

Front 49

dyskinesia

Back 49

abnormal involuntary movements

Front 50

paraplegia

Back 50

paralysis of the legs and lower portion of the body

Front 51

decubitus ulcer

Back 51

pressure sores
A chronic ulcer that appears in pressure areas in debilitated patients confined to bed

Front 52

hydrocephalus

Back 52

buildup of fluid in the brain

Front 53

meningitis

Back 53

inflamation of the meninges

Front 54

encephalitis

Back 54

inflamation of hte brain

Front 55

electroencephalography

Back 55

The recording of the electric currents developed in the brain, by means of electrodes applied to the scalp

Front 56

elecromyography

Back 56

(EMG)-A test which measures muscle response to nerve stimulation. Used to evaluate muscle weakness and to determine if the weakness is related to the muscles themselves or a problem with the nerves that supply the muscles.

Front 57

neuropsychological test

Back 57

specifically designed tasks used to measure a psychological function known to be linked to a particular brain structure or pathway.

Front 58

pinna

Back 58

the visible part of the ear that resides outside of the head

Front 59

cerumen

Back 59

earwax

Front 60

tympanic membrane

Back 60

eardrum
is a thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear

Front 61

eustacian tube

Back 61

(or auditory tube) is a tube that links the pharynx to the middle ear. In adults the Eustachian tube is approximately 35 m m long; pressure control-lets air out

Front 62

malleus

Back 62

or hammer is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum. It transmits the sound vibrations from the eardrum to the incus.

Front 63

incus

Back 63

The incus transmits sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes. The incus only exists in mammals

Front 64

stapes

Back 64

The stapes transmits the sound vibrations from the incus to the membrane of the inner ear inside the fenestra ovalis.

Front 65

oval window

Back 65

is a membrane-covered opening which leads from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear.

Front 66

auditory nerve

Back 66

responsible for the sense of hearing and balance (body position sense

Front 67

cochlea

Back 67

The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule.

Front 68

hearing loss

Back 68

impairment in any part of the hearing system that interferes with hearing sound

Front 69

deafness

Back 69

inability to discriminate conversational speech through the ear

Front 70

conductive hearing loss

Back 70

happens when there is a problem conducting sound waves through the outer ear, tympanic membrane (eardrum) or middle ear (ossicles)

Front 71

sensorineural hearing loss

Back 71

hearing loss resulting from damage to nerve pathways that transmit nerve impulses or damage to areas of the brain in which sound is preceived

Front 72

central deafness

Back 72

Deafness due to disorder of the auditory system of the brainstem or cerebral cortex.

Front 73

mixed hearing loss

Back 73

hearing loss involving both conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss

Front 74

prelingual hearing loss

Back 74

hearing loss that occurs before the individual acquires language, usually before the age of 3

Front 75

prevocational hearing loss

Back 75

hearing loss that occurs after acquiring language bu before entering the work force

Front 76

congenital hearing loss

Back 76

hearing loss present at birth

Front 77

acquired hearing loss

Back 77

hearling loss that occurs after birth or later in life

Front 78

otitis media

Back 78

Infection and inflammation of the middle ear space and ear drum.

Front 79

otosclerosis

Back 79

conductive hearing loss; is an abnormal growth of bone of the middle ear which can result in hearing loss

Front 80

meniere's disease

Back 80

a disorder of the inner ear that includes symptoms of dizziness, hearing loss, and ringing in the ears

Front 81

tinnitus

Back 81

A noise in the ears, as ringing, buzsing, roaring, clicking, etc. Such sounds may at times be heard by others than the patient.

Front 82

ototoxic agents

Back 82

describes the drugs or chemicals that destroy the hair cells of the inner ear or damage the eighth cranial nerve

Front 83

presbycusis

Back 83

hearing loss resulting from aging

Front 84

decibels

Back 84

a scale to measure sound level

Front 85

hertz

Back 85

Unit of frequency equal to one complete oscillation (cycle) per second.

Front 86

speech audiometry

Back 86

Measurement of overall performance in hearing, understanding, and responding to speech for a general assessment of hearing and an estimate of degree of practical handicap.

Front 87

otoacoustic emmision

Back 87

measured reflections in the outer ear of mechanical activity in the cohlea

Front 88

cochlear implant

Back 88

An electronic device implanted under the skin with electrodes in the middle ear on the promontory or cochlear window or in the inner ear in the cochlea to create sound sensation

Front 89

hearing aid

Back 89

An electronic amplifying device designed to bring sound more effectively into the ear; it consists of a microphone, amplifier, and receiver.

Front 90

assistive listening device

Back 90

An electronic device that provides amplification of sound to a hearing impaired person

Front 91

speech reading

Back 91

a technique of understanding speech by visually interpreting the movements of the lips, face and tongue with information provided by the context, language, and any residual hearing.

Front 92

delirium

Back 92

Delirium is an acute and relatively sudden (developing over hours to days) decline in attention-focus, perception, and cognition.

Front 93

dementia

Back 93

mental disorder characterised by a general loss of intellectual abilities involving impairment of memory, judgment and abstract thinking as well as changes in personality

Front 94

psychosis

Back 94

loss of contact with reality

Front 95

delusions

Back 95

A false belief, seen most often in psychosis (for example schizophrenia).

Front 96

hallucinations

Back 96

sensory experiences without environmental stimuli

Front 97

dysthymia

Back 97

chronic condition charactierized by symptoms similar to those experienced in major depression but in a lesser degree

Front 98

cyclothymia

Back 98

mood disorder charachterized by symptoms similar to those of bipolar disorders, with both hypomanic and depressive symptoms

Front 99

agorophobia

Back 99

anxiety disorder; fear of being in a situation or place from which it might be difficult or embarrassing to excape or in which no help may be available if a panic attack occurs

Front 100

phobia

Back 100

is an irrational, intense, persistent fear of certain situations, activities, things, or people.

Front 101

social phobia

Back 101

phobic disorder in which the individual fears situation that may result in ridicule or humiliation

Front 102

obsessions

Back 102

persistant thoughts

Front 103

compulsions

Back 103

consistant actions

Front 104

somatoform disorder

Back 104

experience of physical symptoms for which no organic cause can be found

Front 105

conversion disorder

Back 105

disoder in which physical funtion often related to neurological funtion is lost by no organic cause for the loss can be found

Front 106

hypochondriasis

Back 106

type of somatoform disorder characterized by preoccupation with physical illness

Front 107

dystonia

Back 107

abnormal muscle tone