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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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On a bathymetric map, what do lines that are close together indicte?
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steepness at that point
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four methods of studying the earth's crust
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meteorites = iron
magnetic field= iron/some liq. xenolith=interior silicate rock density=something's heavier |
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northern lights
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charged solar wind particles that ride down the earth's magnetic field and hit the atmosphere
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what type of waves will a seismic station recieve?
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R&L waves
Body waves |
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what order do waves arrive at a seismic station?
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primary
secondary surface |
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which seismic waves are body waves?
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P&S waves
(body) |
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What type of seismic waves pass through all materials?
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primary
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What type od seismic waves do the damage?
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surface
(R&L) |
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how do seismic waves tell us there's a liquid zone within the earth?
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primary waves can travel through and secondary waves can't
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layers of the earth
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crust - silicate rock/ solid
mantle - silcate rock/ solid outer core - iron/ liquid inner core - iron/ solid |
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salt in sea water?
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3.5%
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salinity
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how salty water is
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brakish
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slighty salty
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trace elements
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stuff that disolves in small concentration
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how are trace elements reported
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parts per million
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What are - Gases that dissolve in ocean water
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nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide
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reverse solubility
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disolves better in cold water
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- Acid
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an excess of hydrogen ions
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PH
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chemical activity of hydrogen
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PH of sea water
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8
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silica
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Combo of silicone and oxygen; base material of silcate rock
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convection
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heat transfered by motion or currents
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What process created the Ring of Fire?
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Subduction
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What two landforms are associated?
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Trenches and Composite volcanoes
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What is the largest feature on earth and what created it?
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MOR; O from O divergence
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Why are there few earthquakes and colcanoes at passive margins?
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there is no interaction
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Chemosythesis
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When bacteria uses the chemical energy in its surroundings as a battery to make food molecules.
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Transform/ Slip Strike
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2 continents scrape past each other & makes earthquakes
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What are the Characteristics of a hot spot?
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- Striaght line island chain
- Shield volcano - Composed of Basalt |
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What are the Characteristics of subduction?
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- Curved Island chain
- Composite volcanos - Composed of high silica |
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What is the photic zone?
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the upper layer of the ocean that allows sunlight to penetrate. it is mesured by depth
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What is the only part of the ocean that the photic zone reaches the floor?
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continental shelf
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Where does the slope change in the ocean floor?
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AT THE END OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF THE SLOPE CHANGES
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what cuts the slope of the ocean floor?
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sub-marine canyons
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where does the continental slope lead?
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the deeper part of the ocean floor
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what makes sub-marine canyons?
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turbidity currents
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what is a turbidity current?
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sediment that breaks frre and streams down; under water landslide
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Atoll
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ring of coral islands
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Lagoon
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the center of the atoll; quiet body of water
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archobacteria
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most premitive life on earth; not all archobacteria chemosyntheize;
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this the only type of bacteria that can chemosynthesize
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archobacteria
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Zooxanthellae
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algea that lives in coral
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What is created by a hot spot underneath continent?
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Super volcano
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neritic
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sediments of the coast
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pelagic
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sediemnts of teh sea
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lithogenous
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pre-existing rocks; also windblown dust from arid areas
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another name for lithogenous and why
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terrigenous - since most of the lithogenous come from land mass
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biogenous sediments
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sediments derived from other organisms; shell and coral fragments
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calareous/ silceous ooze
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pelagic biogenous sediments that are more than 30% biogenous material
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hydrogenous sediments
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sediments dervived by water by chemical reactions
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cosmogenous sediments
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derived from outer space; 10% of the materials that hit earth reacht he surface
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reverse solubility
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dissolves better in cold water
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Carbonate Compensatioin Depth (CCD)
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depth when the amount of calcareous material falls below 20% of the total sediment
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shooting star
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debris in space coming into contact with the earth's atmosphere and being bounced off
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Ion
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Stuff disolved in water; charged particle
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How much salt is in water?
What is the salinity of water? |
35 parts per thousand or 3.5 %
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Trace elements
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stuff that disolves in very small concentration
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what two elements are found in sea water?
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Sodium and Chlorine
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Where does sodium come from?
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minerals taht were weathered
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Where does Chlorine come from?
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Volcanic gases
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Hypersaline
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very salty
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What are some examples of hypersaline waters?
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Red Sea
Dead Sea Great Salt Lake |
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Osmosis
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Water is drawn towards salt; exists where river meets ocean
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Salt Spray
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When water "slaps", wind carries the salt from the water to land
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Evaporation
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process when a liquid becomes a vapor
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Evaporites
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minerals left behind by evaporation
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Residence Time
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how long salt is in ocean; life expectancy of salt;
210,000,000 years |
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Magnesium Brohmine
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comes from evaporites
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desalination
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taking salt out of water
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reverse osmosis
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water moves away from salt through a semi-permiable membrane (filter)
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Why is Oxygen richer near the photic zone/
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becasue there is photosynthesizing going on there
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What is Ph?
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how many free hydrogen ions there are
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Acid
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an excess of hydrogen ions; Lower than 7 on Ph scale
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Base
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strips hydrogen out of stuff; Higher than 7 on Ph scale
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What is a neutral number on a Ph scale?
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7
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Alkaline
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something that takes hydrogen out of an ion
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Ph of sea water
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8
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What form Caves (limestone)/ sink holes
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calcium carbonate being dissolved by rain water
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What helps keeps the ocean's Ph level at 8?
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CO2 in the ocean
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What is waters lightest density?
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below 39 degrees F
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What is waters heaviest density?
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39 degrees F
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Why does ice float?
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Becasue it is less dense than water; when water freezes it expands
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Most dense water of all
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cold salty water
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Where does pressure come from?
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weight of water
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How is pressure measuresd?
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by atmosphere; 33 feet thick (10m)
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How much light is aborbed in the top 10 meters of water?
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60%
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What absorbs light?
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everything
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Wht is white light?
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mixture of waves/ colors
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Which waves can we see
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waves between .4 - .7 micrometers
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What is color?
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the brain interpretation of wave length
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What is absorbed by the ocean first and fastest
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Red
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What penetrates the deepest and is reflected most and is the last to absorbed
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Blue-Green
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When does water travel slower?
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As it moves through water
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Why is the ocean blue?
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Because of how blue-Green penetrates the deepest
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How much fater is sound in water than it is in air?
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5x's
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Sofar channel
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3,300 ft down sound can travel forever
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Atmosphere
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blanket of gases that surrounds the planet
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What is the Atmosphere's composition?
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Carbon dioxide .04%
(trace gas) Nitrogen 78% N2 Oxygen 21% O2 Argon 1% (volcanic gas) |
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What are the layers of the Atmosphere/
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troposhpere
stratoshpere mesosphere thermosphere |
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Troposphere
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-colder as you go up thickest --all weather happens
-7-10 miles high -warmed by the earth's surface |
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Stratosphere
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home of ozone layer; very quiet; warms
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