Midterm 2 Emotion Study Guide Part 2

Front 1

Strength and impact of positive vs. negative appraisals

Back 1

Negative states are more potent, because you do not need to rely on happiness to survive in the immediate now.

Front 2

Evidence for categorical perception in labeling emotional states

Back 2

Nancy etcoff and John Magee

there is a parallel between infants ability to recognize categories between languages, and humans ability to see emotion across cultures

we can tell the difference between happy and sad, just not in detail.

Front 3

Evidence for categorical perception in labeling emotional states STUDY 1

Back 3

Pairs of emotional states (opposites)

11 point scales for each

found abruft shifts between the scales in telling emotions apart, indicating they could tell the polar opposites well, just not the inbetween.

Front 4

Evidence for categorical perception in labeling emotional states STUDY 2

Back 4

Conway and Bekerian

people asked to form images using emotion words

- usually autobiographical images

- personality traits connected to specific episodic memories

conclusion: memory is organized into labeled emotional experiences, why people can tell you when they had an emotion.

Front 5

attachment behavioral system/secure base (Attachment and attachment styles)

Back 5

an evolved innate regulator of proximity, that children feel free to break away from when threats are gone.

Front 6

Patterns of attachment (Attachment and attachment styles)

Back 6

secure: distressed at separation but comfortable upon parents return

anxious/resistant: want to be near but will not be comforted by caregivers

avoidant: makes no effort to interact with caregiver

disorganized: responds with random reactions to mother's return

Front 7

Modeling Maternal depression paradigm: effect of a still face or flat face

Back 7

when parents do not react as expected (still/flat face) they feel disorganized in what security they can have.

baby is a part of a two person system, and he needs the correct reaction to regulate his physiology

Front 8

Social referencing and STUDY

Back 8

Ability to use anothers emotional displays to guide ones own behavior

Ekman:

mom makes an encouraging facial expression: 74% of babies will cross the visual cliff

mom makes fearful expression: 0% will cross

Front 9

Attachment study by Beckes, Simpson, and Erickson

(smiling or unsmiling face)

Back 9

striking snake, mutilated body, neutral stimulus, are show to someone

then a smiling face, or a control face

smiling face with freightening words leads to greater activation of security words in all attachment types

Front 10

Effects of subliminal threats on people's mental access to the names of their attachment figures

Back 10

Mikulliancer, Gilliath, Shaver

Subliminal threat words: names of attachment figures become much more accessible, as well as names of familiar people to a lesser extent.

Anxious attachment: faster access to attachment figures names regardless of what the threat is

Avoidant attachment: slower access to attachment figure when it's separation

Front 11

Effects of subliminal security priming on people's reactions to members of various outgroups

Back 11

five different experiments in 2001

when people are primed (regardless of their attachment type) with security words, they become less hateful towards outgroups

- positive words did not help, only security words

Front 12

What activates the attachment system?

Back 12

Parent child relationship active during a threat.

A child's emotion is a signal to the parent, and the parents response forms the attachment type.

the child then develops expectations of the parent and others

Front 13

The strange situation

Back 13

Ainsworth

Left alone in room with stranger by mom, then mom returns

Secure: easy to soothe
Anxious: hard to soothe
Avoidant: no interest in parent
Disorganized: random reaction

Front 14

Infant attachment classifications 1-2 (secure/anxious)

Back 14

Secure: explorative, relaxed, empathetic, parent is the same

Anxious: not explorative, stressed and angry, easily disturbed and needy. Parents are self centered and uncaring, intrusive and inconsistent in reactions.

Front 15

Infant attachment classification 3-4 (avoidant/disorganized)

Back 15

Avoidant: cries little, avoids others, rigid displaced activities. Parent: rejection, low warmth, discomfort with negative emotions and being vulnerable.

Disorganized: low socioeconomic status, addict parents, abusive parents. No natural or secure reaction to child.