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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sport Psychology |
The study of the influence of psychological factors on sport behaviour |
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Exercise Psychology |
The study of the influence that sport and exercise have on one's psychology and behaviour |
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Physical activity |
The expenditure of energy, either purposely or without intention, as a result of bodily movements produced by skeletal muscles as part of leisure or work activities |
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Physical fitness |
Physiological functioning (including cardiorespiratoryendurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, body composition, and flexibility) that influences the ability to be physically active. |
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Sport |
An activity that involves rules or limits, a sense of history, an aspect of winning and losing, and an emphasis on physical exertion in the context of competition. |
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Active leisure |
A positive experience that is associated with activities such as hobbies, playing a musical instrument and exercise
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Passive leisure |
A positive experience that is associated with lack of activity (e.g.. listening to music, daydreaming) |
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Isometric exercise |
Contracting a muscle group against an immovable object without movement in the body |
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Isotonic exercise |
exercise that uses weights or calisthenics to place tension on a muscle through the shortening or lengthening of the muscle group |
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isokinetic exercise |
exercise that places tension on a muscle group through a complete range of motion |
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Anaerobic exercise |
exercise such as sprinting, in which intense effort is expended over a short period of time, resulting in an oxygen debt. |
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Aerobic exercise |
exercise such as jogging that involves the increased consumption of oxygen over an extended period of time. |
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Performance accomplishments |
Actual experiences of mastery, considered to be the most influential source of self efficacy |
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Vicarious Experience |
Experience is gained through observing or visualizing others perform a skill, which can alert one to one's own capabilities and raise one's own self efficacy |
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Verbal persuasion |
To verbally persuade others that they have the skills to perform a particular task - that is, to talk them into it. |
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Emotional arousal |
A source of efficacy expectation in which individuals assess their emotional level and evaluate their capabilities accordingly; for example, high levels of emotion may be thought to be debilitating and predictive of failure. |
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Non-adherence |
Failure to follow the advice of the health professional; the inability to stay with an exercise program |
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Self-efficacy |
An individual's perception of his or her ability to succeed at a particular task at a specific time |
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Psychological skills in sport |
Arousal or attentional control implemented to enhance performance |
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Psychological methods in sport |
Techniques such as relaxation, goal setting, and imagery, which are used to develop psychological skills. |
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Relaxation skills |
Techniques to reduce anxiety to manageable levels so that the energy can be used to positively influence performance; based on the principle that we cannot be relaxed and tensed at the same time |
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Self talk |
Sport psychology concept to describe one of the methods athletes use to correct bad habits, focus attention, modify activation, increase self confidence and efficacy, and maintain exercise behaviour. |
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External imagery |
A technique in which an individual becomes a passive and external third person observer of his or her own actions. |
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Internal imagery |
Technique in which an individual imagines being inside his or her body, experiencing a given situation |
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Ego orientation |
A goal perspective that focuses on success and failure with success often coming at the expense of other people. |
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Task orientation |
A goal perspective in which individuals derive satisfaction from the sense of competence experienced as they improve; the focus is on effort and their own performance rather than that of others. |
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Outcome goals |
Goals that are concerned with the results or outcomes of events and usually involve comparisons to others |
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Performance goals |
Goals that describe an outcome that can be achieved independently of others' performances |
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Process goals |
Goals that focus on specific processes that a performer will be concerned with during a performance. |
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Concussion (closed head injury) |
A bruising of the brain that can result in severe neurocognitive deficits, permanent disability, and even death |
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Acceleration-deceleration injury |
A type of concussion that occurs when an immobile head is het by a moving object or a moving head hits an immobile object |
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Rotational injury |
A type of concussion resulting from a blow to the side of the head
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Second-impact syndrome |
Results when an athlete who has suffered a concussion returns to activity too soon and receives another blow to the head that can result in much greater trauma to the brain than that initially experienced |
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Post-concussion sydrome |
Symptoms experienced subsequent to a concussion, such as memory problems, difficulties in concentration, headaches, dizziness and irritability. |
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Positive affect smoker
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A smoker who smokes to attain positive affect (e.g. increased stimulation, relaxation, gratification of sensorimotor needs).
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Negative affect smoker |
A smoker who smoked to reduce negative affect, such as anxiety, distress, fear, or guilt |
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Habitual smokers |
Smokers who smoke without the awareness that they are doing so. |
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Addictive smokers |
Smokers show develop a psychological dependence on smoking and are keenly aware when they are not smoking |
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Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS or second hand smoke) |
Smoke that is in the air we breathe because of others' smoking |
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Passive smoking |
The breathing of environmental tobacco smoke |
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Addiction |
The state of being physically or psychologically dependent on a substance |
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Withdrawal |
The unpleasant symptoms people experience when they stop using a substance to which they are addicted. |
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Nicotine Replacement therapy |
A stop smoking technique that provides some form of nicotine to replace that previously obtained through smoking |
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Aversion therapy |
Therapy that includes the behaviour that one is attempting to eliminate with some unpleasant stimulus so that the undesired behaviour will elicit negative sensations. |
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Self management strategies |
Strategies used to help people overcome the environmental conditions that perpetuate smoking |
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Ethanol (Ethyl-alcohol) |
The alcohol used in beverages |
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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) |
The name used to describe the range of disabilities caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol; these effects are permanent. |
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Disease model (of problem drinking |
A theory suggesting that alcoholism is a disease resulting from the physical properties of alcohol. |
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Gamma alcoholism |
Loss of control once drinking begins |
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Delta alcoholism |
The inability to abstain from alcohol |
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Alcohol dependency syndrome |
A theory suggesting that for a variety of reasons people do not exercise control over their drinking and this leads to problem drinking. |
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Tension reduction hypothesis |
The hypotheses that people drink alcohol because of it's tension reducing properties |
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Stress response dampening effect |
The hypothesis suggesting that people do not respond as strongly psychologically or physiologically to stressors if they have been drinking
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Self awareness model |
The theory that drinking makes people less self aware because it inhibits the use of normal complex information processing strategies, such as memory and information acquisition. |
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Alcohol myopia |
A drinker's decreased ability to engage in insightful cognitive processing. |
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Social learning model |
This theory, when applied to drinking behaviour, proposes that people drink because they experience positive reinforcement for doing so or because they observe others drinking and model the behaviour. |
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Hallucinogens |
Drugs that dramatically affect perception, emotions, and mental processes; can cause hallucinations |
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Stimulant |
A drug that increases alertness, decreases appetite and the need for sleep, and may produce intense feelings of euphoria and a strong sense of well being. |
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Information-motivation-behavioural skills model |
A theory maintaining that there are a number of steps one must go through to successfully achieve safe sex practices. |
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Obesity |
Condition characterized by having an excess of body fat; Health Canada and the World Health Organization define obesity as a BMI of 30.0 or greater. |
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Body mass index (BMI) |
Measure of obesity calculated by dividing one's weight in kilograms by height in meters squared. |
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Set-point theory |
The idea that the body contains a set point that works like a thermostat; when a person gains weight, biological control mechanisms diminish caloric intake; when a person loses weight, similar mechanisms increase hunger levels until the weight returns to it's ideal or target level. |
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Leptin |
Hormone that responds to weight loss by increasing hunger levels until the person's weight returns to its ideal or target level. |
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Internality-externality hypothesis |
Assertion that in people of normal weight, feelings of hunger and satiety come from within, in the form of internal stimuli (e.g.. hunger pangs or feelings of fullness), whereas obese people are more likely to determine their level of hunger in response to external stimuli (e.g.. time of day, smell, or sight of food). |
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Social facilitation approach |
This approach states that people tend to eat more when in the presence of others |
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Modelling or matching effect |
People tend to eat the same amount as those in their presence. |
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Impression management approach |
When people believe they are being observed they will eat less than when they believe no one is watching. |
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Gastric bypass |
Radical surgical intervention to control extreme obesity; a small pouch is created at the bottom of the esophagus to limit food intake. |
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Gastric banding |
A minimally invasive surgical procedure that involves placing a band around the stomach so that a person feels full after consuming only a small amount of food. |
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Bulimia nervosa |
An eating disorder that involves recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging. |
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Anorexia nervosa |
An eating disorder characterized by a dramatic reduction in food intake and extreme weight loss due to an extreme fear of gaining weight. |
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Binge eating disorder (BED) |
Compulsive overeating or bingeing; unlike Bulimia, BED uses no compensatory measure or purge to counteract the binge. |
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Body dysmorphic disorder |
Condition in which individuals who suffer from eating disorders do not perceive their bodies accurately. |
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Muscle dysmorphia |
Condition characterized by a belief that one's body is not sufficiently lean and muscular; clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other areas of functioning; and a primary focus on being too small or inadequately muscular. |
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Deep brain stimulation |
A surgical procedure that involves implanting an electrode that delivers electrical signals to the brain. (implanted in the subcallosal cingulate region) |
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Outpatient |
A person who goes to the hospital for a procedure or test, but does not stay overnight. |
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Day care patient |
A person who goes to the hospital for a procedure or test that is more involved than, for example, routine radiography, but does not stay overnight. |
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Total institution |
An institution that takes responsibility for the total care and control of it's inhabitants. |
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Reactance |
Behaving counter to recommendations in response to feeling that one has lost personal control over health behaviours; the non-compliant behaviours and attitudes of patients who perceive hospital rules and regimens to be unacceptable challenges to their freedom. |
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Empowering care |
Patient care that yields independence and results in learned mastery. |
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Disempowering care |
Patient care that yields dependence and results in learned helplessness. |
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Monitors |
Patients who welcome information and seek it out. |
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Blunters |
Patients who avoid information |
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Uniformity myth |
Belief that all patients should receive the same amount of information in their preparation for a hospital stay regardless of their personal styles of coping with stress. |
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Depersonalization |
The taking away of one's sense of individuality. |
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Dehumanization |
The tendency to see people as objects or body parts rather than human beings |
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Patient entered approach |
Approach in which patients and families become active members of the treatment plan. |
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Triage |
The sorting and classifying of patients to determine priority of need and proper location and means of treatment. |
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Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) |
Analgesic administration that is independently controlled by the patient. |
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Lock-out interval |
The time period between allowable dosages, when patient-controlled analgesia is used. A device is set by a practitioner to control this period. |
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Incommunication stage |
a period in ICU during which a patient is either unconscious or barely conscious. |
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Readaptation stage |
A period in ICU when a patient can sense a struggle to recover and recognizes his or her dependence on machines. |
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Reflection stage |
A period during which a patient who was in ICU tries to piece together his or her recent experience. |
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Relocation stress (translocation stress) |
The stress caused by being separated from those things that were keeping patients alive - the one-on-one care and the technology. |
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Expertise model |
Model in which the physician and the intensive care team are assumed to be best informed and most objective, and therefore best equipped to make end of life decisions. |
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Negotiated model |
Decision making model that allows decision making to be shared among the practitioners, patient, and family. |
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Discharge planning |
A process in which post hospital care is organized and risks, such as social problems and lack of support are assessed. |
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Progressive illness |
A condition that will continue to worsen in spite of treatment. |
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Advances illness |
Stage of illness at which death is imminent. |
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Palliative care |
care intended to maintain quality of life as best as possible for a patient who is in the advanced stages an illness. The focus is the control of pain and other symptoms as opposed to the cure of the illness. |
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Euthanasia |
The deliberate ending of a patient's life to relieve suffering. |
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DO not resuscitate order |
An order given by a physician indicating that CPR and other interventions are not to be used if the patient stops breathing. |
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Mixed management model of care |
The preparation of a patient for eventual death while at the same time providing life sustaining treatments. |
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Invasiveness |
A measure of the extent to which hospital procedures, in a physical sense, involve piercing the skin or entering the the body with instruments or, in a psychological sense, have a potential to cause embarrassment. |
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False positive |
Result that indicates abnormality when none exists. |
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Benign breast biopsy |
A false positive result that leads to women with abnormal mammograms being called back for a biopsy procedure, and the results show no evidence of malignancy. |
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Burnout |
A condition that is similar to compassion fatigue and includes symptoms of physical exhaustion, depersonalization of patients, and feelings of discouragement and low accomplishment.
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Uncertainty |
A significant source of stress for physicians resulting from the fact that the consequences of medical decisions are uncertain. |
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Prognosis
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A prediction of how a medical condition will change in the future |
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Physician impairment |
A state in which stress related symptoms interfere with physicians abilities to perform their jobs. |
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Feminization of medicine |
The then towards increased proportions of female physicians in the profession. |
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Caring |
The role that most lay people thinks the primary task of nurses. |
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Curing |
The role that most lay people think is the primary task of physicians. |
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Advanced practice nursing |
Nursing that includes teaching, consultation, and research within a specialty area where superior clinical skills and judgement are acquired through a combination of experience and education. |
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Compassion fatigue |
A lack of energy among health care professionals. particularly nurses, who are constantly working in an environment in which suffering is common. |
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Reality shock |
The reaction to the discrepancy between a training environment and and actual work environment. |
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Social factors in stress |
The elements of a person's social network, such as family, friends, and coworkers, that affect ability to cope with job stressors. |
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Personal factors in stress |
Personal characteristics, such as high self esteem, and a clear sense of control, that make some people better able to cope with the stressors of their job. |
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Psychological empowerment in stress |
A personal factor in stress that can include finding work meaningful, having a sense of autonomy, feeling competent and having a positive impact. |
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Job strain model |
A model that suggests a job with high strain is one that includes high demands and low control. |
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External reinforcement |
The encouragement and praise from physiotherapists, friends, family and other practitioners needed by rehabilitation patients for their success. |
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Self-reinforcement |
Praising oneself or rewarding oneself for accomplishments. |
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Efficacy beliefs |
The extent to which one thinks a course of action (eg. a preventative behaviour or treatment) will actually work. |
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Attributions |
The explanations people give for events such as their successes and failures. |
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Health promotion |
Strategies intended to maintain or improve the health of large populations. |
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Medical level of health promotion |
The orientation id disease based and the goal is disease treatment. |
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Public health level of health promotion |
The orientation is behaviour based and the goal is disease prevention.
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Socio-environmental level of health promotion |
The orientation is toward social change and public health policy. |
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Social determinants of health |
Factors such as housing, employment, socioeconomic status, and food availability that effect the health of populations. |
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Self-care |
Behaviours such as exercise, diet, voluntary screening and regular medical check ups that people engage in to promote their health. |
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Pap test (or pap smear) |
A test done to scream for cervical cancer. |
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Mutual aid |
Responsibility to family, friends, loved ones, and even society as a whole when it comes to health and safety. |
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Social support |
A collection of interpersonal resources that people have at their disposal to help them avoid or cope with difficult times in their lives. |
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Naturally occurring support |
The support we obtain from friends, relatives, co-workers and others in our own social networks. |
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Agency provided support |
Social support provided by agencies and organizations, that have been formed to fill the void when naturally occurring support is either lacking or unavailable. |
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Practical support |
Help with the demands of daily living, such as getting meals and rides to the doctor. |
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Informational support |
The provision of information such as treatment options or typical recovery times from a treatment or injury. |
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Emotional support |
Support provided by people that take the time to understand our fears and frustrations, who help calm us during anxious times, who help bring our moods up , or distract us from out worries. |
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Health belief model |
Analyzes health behaviour in terms of the belief that a health threat exists and the belief that a given course of action will affect the threat. |
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Theory of reasoned action |
A theory that behaviour is preceded by intention, and that our intention is influenced by beliefs about the behaviour and subjective norms. |
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Theory of planned behaviour |
Behaviour is is preceded by intention and that our intention is influenced not only by subjective normsand beliefs about the efficacy of the behaviour, but also by the belief that one is actually capable of performing the behaviour. |
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Persuasion |
The attempt to change peoples attitudes and beliefs. |
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Attitude |
A cognition in which a person evaluates some object or idea. |
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Central route to persuasion |
The use of logic, facts and reason to affect someone's attitude |
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Peripheral route to persuasion |
Attempts to affect attitude by appealing to emotion and general impression. |
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Fear appeals |
The attempt to change people's behaviour by presenting frightening accounts of what could happen to them if they continue a given behaviour or if they don't adopt a behaviour. |
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Threat perception |
The belief that a threat is real and that we are vulnerable to it. |
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Drive reduction theory |
Suggests we are driven to reduce the tension brought about by deprivation or other negative states. |
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Response efficacy |
The perception that a threat reducing strategy will work. |
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Self-efficacy |
An individuals perception of his or her ability to succeed at a particular task at a specific time. |
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Self accountability |
The extent to which a person feels feels personally responsible for a given emotion or situation. |
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Message framing |
The extent to which positive or negative aspects of an outcome are emphasized in a health promotion message. |
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Arbitrary standards |
Standards used to evaluate health promotion programs forwarded by a body that exists outside the community involved in the promotional campaign. |
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Experiential standards |
Standards used to evaluate health promotion programs based on direct experiences the community involved int the promotional campaign. |
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Historical standards |
Standards used to evaluate health promotion programs based on comparison to other programs or to the same programs at an earlier time. |
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Normative standards |
Standards used to evaluate health promotion programs using statistics, such as national averages, that describe the health issue being addressed. |
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Scientific standards |
Standards used to evaluate health promotion programs using data published in scientific literature describing similar programs or health issues. |
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Propriety standards |
Standards used to evaluate health promotion programs that take legal and ethical issues into account. |
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Feasibility standards |
Standards used to evaluate health promotion programs based on the practicality or sustainability of the program. |
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co-production process |
A process whereby the responsibility for health is shared among centralized health bureaucracies, individuals and communities.
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Precede proceed model |
Precede - Phase 1- diagnose the quality of life Phase 2- epidemiological diagnosis - identify patterns in population Phase 3- diagnosis of behavioural and environmental behaviours Phase 4- Assess behavioural and environmental factors Phase 5- Devise programs Proceed- Phase 6 - Implement programs Phase 7- Process evaluation - assess effectiveness Phase 8- Impact evaluation - is the program working? Phase 9- Outcome evaluation |
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Steps involved in the evaluation of health promotion initiatives |
1- Describing the program 2- Identifying the issues and questions 3- Designing the data collection process 4- Collecting the data 5- Analysing and interpreting the data 6- Making recommendations 7- Dissemination 8- Taking action |
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