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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
C2C Critique of the 3R approach:
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The 3R’s operates within our current industrial system and so it cannot ultimately solve it, it only slows down the destruction (being less bad is no good)
Reuse postpones disposal |
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Natural Capital’s goal of radical resource productivity:
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• Reduce weight of product (dematerialization)
• Reduce emissions, water, energy • Minimize number of production methods, operations • Minimize manufacturing waste • Design for durability, not obsolescence |
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Dematerialization
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“doing more with less”
Reduction in the quantity of materials required to serve economic functions in society |
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Levi’s Jeans reduce and reuse strategy:
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Wasteless jeans: made from 8 recycled plastic bottles (20% recycled plastic)
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Examples of products deliberately designed for reuse
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Park bench, reusable shopping bags, maille mustard jars
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Aggie Reuse Store:
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• creative reuse of campus post consumer waste
• help students to buy items at low cost • promotion of waste = food ethic • teach workshops on creative reuse |
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Recycling (downcycling):
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• Recover a product at the end of its useful life
• Break it down into its constituent component • Re-incorporate it into a new product which is usually of lesser value and durability |
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Upcycling:
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Re-incorporate it into a new product which has inherent value greater than or equal to the original product
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Most “lock in” environmental impacts occurs within
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the concept and detail design steps of the product development cycle
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Statistics on construction and housing in the U.S.
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-buildings consume 60% of total materials flow
-buildings are responsible for 33% of the waste stream -building renovation and demolition: 91% of construction and demolition debris |
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Pisé, rammed earth
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David Easton: Pisé (a book) ‘Pneumatically Impacted Stabilized Earth
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Eugene Tsui: nature’s design principles in architecture
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1) Economize the use of materials
2) Maximize structural strength 3) Maximize the enclosed volume 4) Produce extremely high strength-to-weight ratios 5) Utilize stress and strain as a basis for structural efficiency 6) Create energy efficiency through form without external power 7) Create form that enhances air circulation 8) Use local materials for building 9) Use curvilinear forms that disperse and dissipate multi-directional forces 10) Integrate aerodynamic efficiency with structural form 11) Produce nothing that is toxic to the environment 12) Design structures that can be built by a single organism |
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Herman Miller headquarters
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designed by McDonough and Braungart
“GreenHouse” office and manufacturing facility |
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What is LEED certification; why should architects be interested in becoming LEED certified?
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LEED = Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design.
LEED is a rating system for buildings, equivalent to a gas mileage rating for cars. Under LEED, buildings accumulate points for things such as saving energy, having accessible mass transit, and mitigating storm water runoff. |
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Embodied energy
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all the energy needed to produce, sell, care for and dispose of a given product.
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Embodied energy includes energy required to:
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• extract
• process • package • transport • sell • install/build • maintain • recycle or dispose of |
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Embodied energy measured by:
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-MJ/kg: energy by mass
-MJ/m2: energy by area -MJ/m3: energy by volume |
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Examples of embodied energy in products discussed in class:
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Glazed brick: 7.2 MJ/kg
Cotton fabric: 143.0 MJ/kg Paper (virgin white): 36.4 MJ/kg |
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Life Cycle:
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All the stages of a product’s life from “cradle to grave”
It includes: - Raw material extraction - Materials processing - Manufacture - Distribution - Use - Repair and maintenance - Disposal or recycling |
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3 phases of life cycle:
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1. Upstream phase of a product:
The initial phases through: - Raw material extraction - Materials processing - Manufacture 2. Use phase of a product - Use - Repair and maintenance 3. Downstream (end of life) phase of a product - Disposal or recycling (Transportation and distribution can occur during all three phases) |
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Environmental impacts can occur at different stages of different products’ life cycle
Example: |
Furniture:
• Manufacture • Materials processing Electrical household appliances: • Use • Repair and maintenance Clothing: • Use |
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Life cycle assessment (LCA):
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Is a holistic and systematic method for analyzing the environmental and human health impacts of a product or process across its life cycle
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An LCA consist of four steps
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• Define the goal and scope
• Analyze the inventory (LCI) • Assess the impacts (LCIA) • Interpret the results |
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Life cycle inventory (LCI)
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is the accounting method used to track the input and output of material and energy flows
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Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)
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is the process of developing indicators of potential human and ecological impacts from the LCI data
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Environmental impact categories:
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• ecological damage
• human health damage • resource depletion |
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Examples of Ecological damage:
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• Global warming
• Ozone depletion • Water eutrophication • Acid rain • Habitat alterations • Ecotoxicity |
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Examples of Human health damage
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• photochemical smog and air pollutants
• health damaging substance • carcinogens |
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Examples of Resource depletion
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• fossil fuels
• fresh water • Topsoil • Minerals |
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Stages in products’ lifecycle
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• Raw material extraction
• Material processing • Component processing • Assembly and packaging • Distribution and purchase • Installation and use • Maintenance and upgrading • Transport • Reuse, recycling, or compositing • Incineration or landfilling |
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Best environmental assessment method:
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single-figure lifecycle assessment
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Know examples of eco-design products
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Papcorn(green), Golf tee(sugar), lamp
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What is ‘Product Stewardship’?
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where environmental, health, and safety protection centers around the product itself, and everyone involved in the lifespan of the product is called upon to take up responsibility to reduce its environmental, health, and safety impacts.
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What is ‘Design for Disassembly’? (DfD)
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DfD is a building design process that allows for the easy recovery of products, parts and materials when a building is disassembled or renovated.
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How to DfD:
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a) Avoid toxic materials, chemicals
b) Minimize fastener types c) Minimize the types of materials d) Avoid permanent fixing of different materials e) Avoid paint f) Identify material types with international recycling symbols |
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History of papermaking
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• 3000 B.C. “papyrus” paper: made from pith of papyrus plant. Used by ancient Egyptian, Greek, Roman
• Tsai Lun, Chinese government official. Used mulberry bark, linen and hemp to make paper • Earliest paper in Europe: “rag” paper, made with recycled rag • 1700’s: French scientist Reaumur observed wasps make paper • Paper from wood pulp became widely used in 19th century |
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How many pounds of paper does the average American consume annually?
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700 lbs.
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ow much have the world’s rainforests shrunk?
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From 14% to 6%
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How many trees does 1 ton of recycled paper save?
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17 trees
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What percentages of graphic design products are sustainable?
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10%
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Facts about the paper industry: how much water does it consume? How many greenhouse gases does it emit? What percentage of paper is harvested from forests instead of tree farms?
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• Foaming effluent
• Bleaching of wood by elemental chlorine • Products dioxin • Average paper mill using chlorine releases 35 tons of organic chlorines daily |
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What is ‘Kraft paper’?
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Pulp produced from wood chips cooked with sulfur compounds (“kraft process”) most common process
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Elemental Chlorine (EC) paper?
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Most toxic process; phased out in US
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Process Chlorine Free (PCF) paper?
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Made with virgin fiber and recycled paper, or recycled. Made without chlorine, chlorine compounds; least toxic. But requires some virgin pulp
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Elemental Chlorine-Free (ECF) paper?
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Paper made from virgin or recycled fiber that is bleached using alternative chlorine compounds; 7-10 tons of toxic released daily!
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Totally Chlorine-Free ((TCF) paper?
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Paper made from 100% virgin fiber that is unbleached or bleached with non-chlorine compounds. No dioxins or toxic pollutants
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What is the Forest Stewardship Council (FCS)
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Certifies logging that is sustainable; it includes selective cutting instead of clear cutting; preservation of wildlife habitats; preservation of topsoil; less water pollution
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What are the principles of Forest Stewardship Council (FCS)
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• Compliance with all applicable laws and international treaties
• Demonstrated and uncontested, clearly defined, long–term land tenure and use rights • Recognition and respect of indigenous peoples' rights • Maintenance or enhancement of long-term social and economic well-being of forest workers and local communities and respect of worker’s rights in compliance with International Labor Organization (ILO) conventions • Equitable use and sharing of benefits derived from the forest • Reduction of environmental impact of logging activities and maintenance of the ecological functions and integrity of the forest |
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What percentage of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) do paper constitute?
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35%
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What is ‘cellulosic ethanol’, how is it made, what is it used for? How much of it exists in landfill?
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• ‘cellulosic ethanol’ is second-generation biofuel
• Covert the papers in landfills into ‘cellulosic ethanol’ • 82.93 billion liters |
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Alternative plants for paper: know about the properties of kenaf, bagasse, linen, and other plant fibers
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• Kenaf: a rapidly growing annual (used by Yolo Landfill for phytoremediation)
• Bagasse: sugar cane residue • Linen, cotton: used in U.S. paper currency • Banana, coffee, other unusual plant fibers: can be added to paper but can’t comprise 100% |
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What is ‘phytoremediation’? What is a ‘hyperaccumulator’?
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• Phytoremediation is used plants to solve environment issues
• Hyperaccumulator is the plants that can extract the heavy metals from the soil |
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Alternative eco-friendly papers: be able to name 2 or 3 and what their papers are made of
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• Bagasse paper
• Cotton fiber paper • Sheep poo paper |
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What are traditional petroleum-based printing inks made of?
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• Pigment
• Vehicle or carrier • Binder • Performance additives or modifier |
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What is Bisphenol A (BPA), and what is its relationship to printing inks? What are the damaging side effects of BPA? In what products is BPA found? In what product is the largest concentration of BPA found?
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• Bisphenol A: estrogen mimic/endocrine disrupter
• Bisphenol A is used in thermal printing inks • Thermal printing ink: BPA plus acid-sensitive dye, applied over the entire surface of special thermal paper. • Plastic water bottles, Styrofoam plates, Cash register receipts, Baby bottle • Most found in cash register receipts |
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What are the properties and advantages/disadvantages of soy-based inks?
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Advantages
• Greater color retention • Exceptional transfer properties • Press washes can be water + detergent, reducing VOC (volatile organic compound) solvents by up to 80% • Renewable resource • Promotes paper recycling: more easily de-inked • Creates less waste on press (more stable) 90% of U.S. daily newspapers, and 33% of other U.S. newspapers, print with soy inks Disadvantages • May contain toxic halogenated hydrocarbons |
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According to Chapter 3 C2C, what are the toxins in traditional books?
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Book one: Carbon black, heavy metals, monstrous "hybrids; if burned produces dioxins
Book two: TCF paper requires virgin pulp; soy inks may contain toxins; recycled paper may be at end of use Book three: entire concept of “book” rethought: - made of polymer infinitely recyclable - nontoxic, reusable inks; entire book can be recycled in one step recycling process |
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What is ‘TerraSkin’ and what are its advantages?
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• Paper make from stone
• Non-toxic • No water or bleach used in production • Production uses 50% less energy than pulp paper • Uses 20%-30% less ink; ink doesn’t bleed • Water-resistant • Biodegradable • Can be recycled into pellets that are reused • Clean production: no water, no harsh chemicals, polluted air |
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Ecodesign Strategy Wheel
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1. Design for innovation
• Rethink how to provide the benefit • Integrate product to serve needs provided by associated products • Biomimicry 2. Design with low-impact materials (transit chair) • Use minimal materials • Use reused or recycled materials 3. Design foe optimized production (hut ab) • Minimize manufacturing waste • Minimize energy in production • Minimize number of components / materials 4. Design for efficient distribution (air box) • Reduce product and/or packaging weight • Use local production and assembly 5. Design for low-impact use (kango) • Reduce energy inefficiencies • Reduce water use inefficiencies • Reduce material use inefficiencies • Minimize emissions during use • Integrate renewable energy sources 6. Design for optimized lifetime (iron pot) • Design for maintenance and easy repair capabilities • Design for upgrades/enhancements • Build in user’s desire to care for product long term • Create a timeless look or fashion 7. Design for optimized end-of-life (Eco-Range cosmetics packaging) • Provide for reuse of components • Provide ability to biodegrade • Provide for safe disposal |
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know how to compare the ‘single figure’ impact factors of various materials, e.g. aluminum vs.
steel; study the tables of impact factors in the PowerPoint |
Metals have a wider range of impact values. Stainless steel is more damaging than regular steel per pound, and some exotic metals have extremely high impacts.
Secondary (recycled) metals have lower impacts than primary (virgin) metals because primary metals require large amounts of ore to be sifted through and melted. Metal processing usually creates lower impacts than production. |
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Ten environmental impact categories
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Resource depletion:
- fossil fuels Ecosystem health: - global warming - acid rain - ecotoxicity - water eutrophication - ionizing radiation - stratospheric ozone - habitat destruction Human health: - smog - carninogens and human toxicity - particulates |