Midterm 2

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first Emperor of new Rome. Gives himself the name Princeps (first one). founded the Julio Claudian Dynasty

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C. Octavius Augustus

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Rule of Augustus in first 2 Cent. of empire. Transition period, acted like republic.

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principate

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Military commander and chief. Title emperors use.

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Imperator-

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Gaurds of the emperor. Prevented assassination

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Praetorian Guard-

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4 successors after Augustus (Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero). First Ruling Family.

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Julio-Claudians-

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Last emperor of the Julio Claudians, after him a whole new dynasty of emperors. Burned Rome

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Nero-

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Roman Peace. Rome’s biggest Golden Age. High point of Rome.

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Pax Romana-

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Spanish Noble Emperor of Rome. Under his rule Rome reached its greatest territorial extent. Assisted the poor and implemented elementary programs

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Trajan-

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Succeeded Trajan. Defended Rome’s boarders and try to manage Rome’s Size

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Hadrian-

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Roman Empeor that instigated massacres. Gave citizenship to everyone in Rome for taxes.

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Caracalla-

Front 11

a latin Poet

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Catullus-

Front 12

Most popular philosopher. Opposed the 2nd triumphant and wanted the rupublic

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Cicero-

Front 13

Distinguished poet of the Augustan Age wrote the aenied

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Virgil-

Front 14

Roman poet who wrote pit of love

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Ovid-

Front 15

- Wrote of the Golden Age who invented Roman Mythology.

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Livy

Front 16

Emperor used all money for war. Founded Rome’s last dynasty Severan Dynasty

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Septimius Severus-

Front 17

Emperor who cuts rome into pieces. Only Emperor to retire after he brought peace.

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Diocletian-

Front 18

First Christian Emperor. Issued Edict of Mulan Established Constantinople.

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Constantine I-

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battle between Constantine and maxentius. Constantine won after a vision

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Milvian Bridge-

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First time citizens were allowed to worship any religion without government interference

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Milan Edict-

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Barbaric tribe attacked by huns on way to rome. Revolted and won against Rome and settled in Spain and founded kingdom of Visgoth

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Visigoths-

Front 22

Battle between Visgoth and Romans. Visgoths capture Rome from Italy. First time Rome Captured by foreign army.

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Adrianople-

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Last Roman Emperor of the West

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Romulus Augustulus-

Front 24

Palestinian Jew who preached as the King of Jews but didn’t want to undermine religion

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Jesus-

Front 25

Believed everyone should hear the word of Christ not only Jews

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Paul-

Front 26

Nomadic people of Arabia. People lacked honesty and generosity according to Mohammad.

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Bedouins-

Front 27

Ruling members of the Bedouin’s tribes. Selected by leading Majils.

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Sheikh-

Front 28

Council of elders in Bedouin tribes.

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Majlis-

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Founder of the Muslim Religion. First prophet of Allah

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Muhammad-

Front 30

Flight of Mohammad and followers from Mecca to Medina. Beginning of Islam.

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Hejira-

Front 31

Religion by Mohammad who says Gabriel spoke to him in the desert about allah.

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Islam/Muslim-

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Fisrt Muslim community. Consisted of Bedouins and Medina people alike.

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Umma-

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Scriptures of Islam, meaning “submission”. Ethical book of the code of law for political theory

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Koran-

Front 34

5 laws for a Muslim to enter Heaven. Believe, pray, Ramadan, pilgrimage, and charity.

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5 Pillars-

Front 35

a law code by Muslim scholars to regulate the lives of Muslims.

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Shari’a-

Front 36

Temperal leader in Muslim community after death of Muhammad. First was Abu Bakr.

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Caliph-

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Cousin of Muhammad who should have been Caliph. Ali was assassinated which caused division.

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Ali-

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Governor of Syria. Replaced Ali as Caliph after assassination. Made caliphate hereditary.

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Muawiya-

Front 39

everyone after ali are rightful heirs/ Shiite believe heirs of Ali are rightful successors. That the next one disappeared.

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Sunni/Shi’ite- Sunni-

Front 40

Islamic dynasty started by Muawiya and was destroyed b/c they didn’t think they were true muslims. Overthrown by Muhammad’s uncle to start Abbasid dynasty.

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Umayyads-

Front 41

Battle between byzantine and muslims. Muslims win and expand their territory.

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Yarmuk-

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Dynasty after Umayyads which brockdown the distinction between Arabs and non arabs. Thought of Caliphs as kings than religious leader.

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Abbasids-

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Caliph of Abbasids. Brought the dynasty into prosperity. After death civil war started

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Harun al-Rashid-

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Nomadic people from Asia who converted into Islam, threatened Abbasids.

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Seljuk Turks-

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Byzantine king asked Christian Empires to fight against Muslims for holy land and constantenople. Crusaders defeated by Sultan Saladin’s sunni.

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Crusades-

Front 46

Library that was in Islamic Golden Age. Founded during Caliph Harun al-Rashid

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House of Wisdom-

Front 47

Stories that where passed down throughout the Middle east and Western Europe about exotic places and civilized Islamic world.

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Arabian Nights-

Front 48

Islamic writer who wrote poetry and studied mathematic and astronomy. Revised the calendar to be more accurate.

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Omar Khayyam-

Front 49

Islamic Philosopher who says the world need Allah and natural law and human reasoning.

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Ibn Sina-

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Religion that called for a mythic relationship between Allah and human beings

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Sufism-

Front 51

Location of Axum

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Ethiopia-

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Chirstian kingdom in east Africa

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Axum-

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Slaves that rebelled from Axum rule

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Zanj-

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3 small civilizations. Known for salt and Gold.

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Ghana-

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Very rich empire after Ghana. First West African Empire.

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Mali-

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Established the Mali Civilization. Conquered sudan so it was finally under one government. First Islamic ruler of sudan

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Sundiata Keita-

Front 57

King during Mali high point. Gave out a lot of Gold after his pilgrimage to Mecca

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Mansa Musa-

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The law that says eldest son/male relative replaces the ruler upon death.

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Primogeniture-

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Most powerful state out of Sudan after replacing Mali Kingdom.

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Songhai-

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Known as Ali the great. Established the Songhai empire.

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Sonni Ali-

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Son of Sonni Ali to be the new ruler. Lost to his cousin Muhammad Askia for rule.

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Baru-

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Conquered Baru empire b/c didn’t think he was a true Muslim. Forced everyone to convert to Islam. Considered the rebellion a Holy War. Made Songhai most powerful.

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Muhammad Askia –

Front 63

Battle in eygpt between Moracco and Songhai. Songhai defeated and never recovered.

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Tondibi-

Front 64

had religious tolerance. Conquered most of China and had the largest territory but shortest lived

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Mongols-

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Founder of the Mongol empire. United nomadic tribes

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Temujin/Genghis Khan-

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Battle between Mongols and kievan Rus principates, where Mongol were victorious

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Kalka River-

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Son of Genghis Khan became the 2nd great Khan. Made the Mongol empire the biggest

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Ogedei-

Front 68

Ruled like Chinese emperor not a Khan. Fonded yuan dynasty. First nonchinese ruler.

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Kubilai Khan-

Front 69

battle between Egyptian and Mongols. Egypt won and ended Mongols undefeated record.

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Ain Jalut-

Front 70

created the first great wall. Emperor killed all who opposed and created rivalry

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Qin-(chin)

Front 71

After Qin. Founded by Gauzu. Considered the golden age. First dynasty of confusionism.

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Han-

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Philosophy by Confusious. Taught golden rule and teach hard work. Good by nature

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Confucianism-

Front 73

Taught that hard work DIDN’T improve harmony but only through nature can be improved.

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Daoism-

Front 74

Followed Buddhism. Exams dictate occupation not birth rite.

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Tang-

Front 75

born poor but become emperor. Isolated China from all. Created Ming Dyanasty

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Chu Yuan-chang-

Front 76

Thief that led a rebellion and took in Chu Yuan-Chang

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Kuo Tzu-hsing-

Front 77

Peak of Chinese Civilization. China was unequaled by all. Sends out voyages for tributes.

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Ming-

Front 78

Overthrown by Chu Ti and never came back.

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Chu yun-wen-

Front 79

Created forbidden city for emperors and empireal court. Era of Perpetual happiness

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Chu Ti/Yung-lo-

Front 80

Commander of the 7 voyages by Chu Ti. Recordes destroyed to isolate Chinese thinking.

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Cheng Ho-

Front 81

Leaders of other countries must Kow tow (bow to the ground) to show respect to china

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tribute system-

Front 82

Monarchs that explored and started voyages. The most well-known being Henry VII

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New Monarchs-

Front 83

Government in which the country is in sectioned off and each region has a fudal lord that controls it. They impose taxes based on their people.

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Feudalism-

Front 84

Prince of the Portuguese empire. Wanted to find Christian Allies and expand Christianity and find new trade routes.

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Henry the Navigator-

Front 85

Controlled cape of good hope. First to find India and spice trade.

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Vasco da Gama-

Front 86

Looks for Asian/India but finds Americas and considers it the New World. Finaced by Queen Isabella of Spain

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Columbus-

Front 87

Spanish Monarchs provided coloumbus with 3 ships to find western route to Asia

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Ferdinand & Isabella-

Front 88

o Moses spoke with God. Used the 10 commandments to provide structure.

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• "Book of Exodus,"

Front 89

o Jesus elaborates on the 10 comandments and describes what is consider sin. His message is to the poor as he said the meek shall inherit the earth.

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• Jesus' "Sermon on the Mount" (p. 111)

Front 90

o Give to the poor in the name of god. Gives the idea that God is providing and strengthen the belief among the poor b/c God Provided.
o Similar to Christianity as they believe in ONE god and he decides whether they go to hell or not. This idea is passed on through monotheistic cultures and gives praise to one omnipotent being. Difference in view of jesus. C: Son of God, I: Prophet who word has been corrupted, J: False Prophet. These different views are due to their beliefs from their books.
o Koran states to treat infidels with compassion and not forced to convert. Other religons have in the most part persecuted non believers and forced to convert.

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• the Koran (p. 123)

Front 91

o Women must be controlled by Husband and Women must serve Husband. Womanly virtue is to gaud ones chastity and display modesty. These are important b/c these are how women display love. These limitation are unreasonable b/c the women have very little freedom and aspiration than to be a good wife and women. No women can follow all these qualifications so willingly and be happy which makes them automatically not a proper woman. Women may agree that man and women should live harmoniously and not fight or strike each other for a good relationship.

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• Pan Chao's "Lessons for Women" on page 158

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o Mongol women had many freedoms and where skilled on horses and fought almost as well as men.
o Men took many wives and were happy.

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• Giovanni DiPlano Carpini

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o His accounts maybe unreliable b/c his words may to impress the emperor and make his exploits more interesting.
o Great Khan painted Christians as true believers of God and had victory thanks to God.

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• MARCO POLO