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76 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
cohesion
the bonds or "glue" between members of a community or society
conformity
a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure
compliance
conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing
obedience
acting in accord with a direct order or command
normative influence
conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain acceptance
informational influence
conformity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people.
primary effect
other things being equal information presented first usually has the most influence
recency effect
information presented last sometimes has the most influence. recency effect are less common than primacy effects
two step flow of communication
the process by which media influence often occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others.
central route to persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
peripheral route to persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
sleeper effect
a delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it
fast talker effect
To persuade, mislead, or obtain with a smooth line of talk
foot in the door effect
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
attitude inoculation
exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that they will have refutations available when stronger attacks come
deindividuation
loss of self awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms
social facilitation
(1)original meaning: the tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks btter when others are present. (2) current meaning: the strenthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses in the presence of others
social loafing
the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goalthan when they are individually accountable
diffusion of responsibility
tends to occur in groups of people above a certain critical size when responsibility is not explicitly assigned
the risky shift
posed decision dilemmas in which the participants task was to advise imagined characters how much risk to take. GROUP DECISION WERE MORE RISKIER.
group polarization
group produced enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members' average tendency, not a split within the group
groupthink
"the mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action
mindguards
a phenomenon that feeds groupthink when some members protect the group from information would call into question the effectiveness or morality of its decision
dominant response
one of three supposed responses to receiving a message, a dominant response involves whole-hearted acceptance of whatever messages, values, ideas etc. are being received.
evaluation apprehension
concern for how others are evaluating us
stereotypes
a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. stereotypes are sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information
prejudice
a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members
discrimination
unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members
authoritarian personality
a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status
the just world phenomenon
the tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
stereotype threat
a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. unlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one's self-concept, stereotype threat situations have immediate effects.
realistic group conflict theory
the theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources
outgroup homogeneity
perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members. thus "they are alike; we are diverse
illusory correlations
perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exist
instrumental aggression
aggression that is a means to some other end
hostile aggression
aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself
displacement of aggression
the redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. generally, the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target
frustration aggression theory
the theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggres
catharsis
emotional release. the catharsis view of aggression is that aggressive drive is reduced when one "releases
aggressive energy, either by acting aggressively or by fantasizing aggression
proximity
geographical nearness. proximity ( more precisely, "functional distance") powerfully predicts liking
similarity and complementarity hypotheses concerning liking
similar to someone's attitudes are to your own, the more likable you will find the person.
mere exposure effect
the tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them
passionate(romantic) love
a state of intense longing for union with another. passionate lovers are absorbed in each other, feel ecstatic at attaining their partner's love, and are disconsolate on losing it
companionate love
the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined
misattribution
mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source
the two-factor theory of emotion
arousal x its label = emotion
implicit egotism
the tendency to like what we associate with ourselves, such as the letters in our name
what is conformity?
conformity changing one's behavior or belief as a result of group pressure comes in two forms. compliance is outwardly going along with the group while inwardly disagreeing; a subset of compliance is obedience, compliance with a direct command. acceptance is believing as well as acting in accord with social pressure
what are the classic conformity and obedience studies?
three experiment:
- the movement of a point of light that actually didn't move
- three lines and was asked to see which one was not at the same length. when someone had given the wrong answer 37% usually conformed their answer
- teacher and learner. when the learner got the answer wrong the teacher would give the learner an electric shock. the voltage would get higher and higher the learner would yell and stop the experiment but the experimenter would tell the teacher to continue and 65% of the time the experimenter would listen and continue.
= behavior and attitude are mutually reinforcing
= it doesn't mean when something bad happens is done by a bad person and same with a good person. it all really depends on the situation
what predicts conformity?
-people tend to conform within larger groups 3 or more people
-conformity is reduced when the behavior or belief is not unanimous
-conformity is enhanced by group cohesion
- the higher the status of those modeling the behavior or belief the greater likelihood of conformity
- people tend to conform when in public
- if there is such commitment then it is less likely to conform
why conform?
two reasons why people conform:
1. normative influence- the desire to be accepted. to be liked by others.
2. informational influence- results from others' providing evidence about reality. when a person is not sure of what to do, they look at others for help or cues to guide them. we want to be right.
who conforms?
- trait effects strongest in "weak" situations where social forces do not overwhelm individual differences
- different cultures socialize people to be more or less socially responsive
- social roles involve a certain degree of conformity, and conforming to expectations is an important task when stepping into a new social role.
do we ever want to be different?
everyone is different in their own way. we don't want to appear the same as everyone else but we to unique from others.
- reactance = people protecting their freedom.
what path leads to persuasion?
- when we actually have the chance to think about the argument (central route) and we're able to express and persuade
- while the peripheral route its more when we don't have time to think of the argument so we we wait for cues and certain ideas to argue.
- central route is more thoughtful and less superficial is more durable and more likely to influence behavior
what are elements of persuasion?
four factors of an effective persuasion:
1. communicator(who says it): confidence and the ability to speak well without any hesitation, looking people straight in the eye, even arguing against their own self-interest, it's also a plus if they're attractive
2. message(what is said)- if the message conveys a good message than people are more likely to agree and judge without any hesitation. if the message comes across as fearing it is also possible be effective cause someone could take protective action.
3. the channel (how it is said)
the timing also makes a difference: if two were to make their point the first person talks first and then immediately the second talks. it is more likely that people are more likely to go with the first person. now if the first person talks first and then there's a break in between the two people, people are more likely to go with the second person. the media also makes a difference to convey your message across.
4. the audience (whom it is said) the age of the person makes a difference; young people are more likely to change their mind
extreme persuasion: how do cults indoctrinate?
three general successful techniques:
1. eliciting behavioral commitments
2. applying principles of effective persuasion
3. isolating members in like-minded groups
how can persuasion be resisted?
prior public commitment to one's own position, stimulated perhaps by a mild attack on the position, breeds resistance to later persuasion.
- a mild attack can also serve as an inoculation, stimulating one to develop counterarguments that will then be available if and when a strong attack comes.
-to challenge them, though the challenge must not be so strong as to overwhelm them
what is group?
a group exist when two or more people interact for more than few moments, affect one another in some way, and think of themselves as "us"
social facilitation: how are we affected by the presence of others?
-working in a group sometimes improve and sometimes it doesn't
- arousal facilitates dominant responses. being in the present of others arouses you.
- being in a crowd, or a crowded situation causes dominant responses
- aroused by others because of distraction. a conflict between paying attention to others and concentrating on the task.
social loafing: do individuals exert less effort in a group?
- people tend to work together to reach a common goal without individual accountability
- group members tend to work less harder usually "additive task" this is also called the free-rider
- more dedication and work is put into the group when the reward is big and the team spirit is high
deindividuation: when do people lose their sense of self in groups?
- high levels of social arousal combined with diffused responsibility
-usually in a big group when people are anonymous, and aroused and distracted
- when self awareness is high there is no such thing as deindividuation.
group polarization: do groups intensify our opinions?
- discussion actually tends to strengthen whatever is the initially dominant point of view whether risky or cautious.
- there's big group influence (group polarization)
- two groups influences:
1. informational
2. normative
groupthink: do groups hinder or assist good decisions?
-group cohesion can override realistic appraisal of a situation. this is true when the group leader takes over makes the group follow
- symptomatic of this overriding concern for harmony, labeled group think, are
1. an illusion of invulnerability
2. rationalization
3 unquestioned belief in the group's morality
4. stereotyped views of the opposition
5 pressure to conform
6. self-censorship of misgivings
7. illusion of unanimity
8. mind-guards who protect the group from unpleasant information.
- groups sometimes decide wisely.
- groups are more accurate than an individual
-groups generate better ideas if the group is small
- large group individual brainstorming follows the group session.
the influence of the minority: how do individuals influence the group?
- a minority can influence and even overturn a majority position.
- minority is most influential when it is consistent and persistent.
- when you have self-confident and know what you want the more people will like it and follow
what is nature and power of prejudice?
- prejudice is preconceived negative attitude.
- stereotypes are beliefs about another group; beliefs that could be accurate or inaccurate or overgeneralizing.
-discrimination is unjustified negative behavior.
- racism and sexism may refer to individuals' prejudicial attitudes or discriminatory behavior
- researches have used experiments to detect unconscious bias
what are the social sources of prejudice?
- social situation breeds and maintains prejudice in several ways. a group will often use prejudicial beliefs to justify its privileged position
- children are also brought up in ways that foster or reduce prejudice
- social institution ( government, schools, the media)
what are the motivational sources of prejudice?
- people's motivation affect prejudice. when people are frustrated they tend to vent about the other group
- people see themselves and their own group as superior than others
what are the cognitive sources of prejudice?
- the way we think, the way we see things
- putting people into certain groups
- a minority person committing an unusual crime helps create an illusory correlation between people and behavior.
- group serving bias: assigning outgroup members' negative behavior to their natural character while explaining away their positive behaviors.
- people get what they deserve.
what are the consequences of prejudice?
-stereotypes tends to stick around a lot longer. once it has been said its like it never goes away.
- makes us look at everyone a certain way
what are some theories of aggression?
- aggression could be both physical or verbally which could cause harm.
- hostile aggression: which springs from emotions such as anger
- instrumental aggression: aims to injure as a means to some other end. not being mean intentionally
-3 broad theories:
1. instinct view: aggressive energy will accumulate from within, aggression could be heredity, blood chemistry, and the brain.
2. frustration: causes anger and hostility.
3. social learning: aggression as learned behavior. it will help us later in the future if we were to encounter it.
what are some influences on aggression?
- aversive experiences which not only include frustration but also discomfort, pain, and personal attacks, both physical and verbal
- arousal from almost any source, even physical exercise or sexual stimulation, can be transformed into anger
- aggression cues, such as presence of a gun
- breeds a modest increase in aggressive behavior especially with people who have been provoked.
- desensitizes (making someone feel less shock) viewers to aggression and alters their perceptions of reality.
- heavy exposure of televised violence usually causes aggressive behavior
- constantly playing violent video games will increase aggressive behavior
- many aggression is caused within a group. group situations tend amplify aggression.
how can aggression be reduced?
- contrary to the catharsis hypothesis, expressing aggression by catharsis tends to breed further aggression, not reduce it.
- social learning; counteracting aggression: rewarding and modeling nonaggression.
what leads to friendship and attraction?
- the proximity matters, the closer you are the more you will likely be friends.
- physical attractiveness matters
- liking is greatly aided by similarity of attitudes, beliefs, and values. likeness leads to liking; opposites rarely attract.
-we are more attracted to people who are like us.
- we befriend because of their behavior, we find if rewarding
what is love?
- love: components of friendship, passion, and uncommitted game playing.
-passionate love is experienced as a bewildering confusion of ecstasy and anxiety, elation and pain.
- from passionate to steadier, affectionate relationship = companionate love.
what enables close relationships?
- doesn't matter what age, attachments are central to human life.
- companionate love is when both partners see equal contribution
- one reward of companionate is being able to be open and share with each other.
how do relationships end?
- divorce continues to grow bigger and bigger in the 20th century