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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cardiac Output (CO)
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How much blood volume is ejected by each ventricle per unit time
CO (ml/min) = HR (bpm) x SV (ml/beat) |
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Stroke Volume (SV)
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Amt. of blood ejected by each ventricle per heart beat
SV= diastolic vol (ml) - systolic vol (ml) |
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Ejection Fraction (EF)
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Fraction of end diastolic volume, ejected in each stroke volume
EF (ml) = SV (ml) ÷ end diastolic volume (ml) |
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Frank Starling Law of the Heart
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Volume of blood ejected by ventricle depends on volume present in ventricle at the end of diastole
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Preload
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Resting length from which cardiac muscle contracts
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Contractility
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How hard you squeeze the water-logged sponge
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Stroke Work
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Work the heart performs on each beat
SW = aortic pressure x stroke volume |
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Cardiac Minute Work
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Work the heart performs during a unit time
CMW = aortic pressure x cardiac output *CO= SVxHR |
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Law of Laplace
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Pressure correlates DIRECTLY with tension and wall thickness and INVERSELY with radius
P = (2 x thickness x tension) ÷ radius |
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Using the Law of Laplace, why is the left ventricle thicker?
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Because the left ventricle requires more pressure
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Cardiac output and O2 Consumption
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CO = O2 consumpt ÷ (O2 pulm vein - O2 pulm artery)
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Vascular anastomoses
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Regions where vessels unite, so that alternate pathways exist for blood
Common in - brain, heart Uncommon in - retina, spleen, kidney |
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Layers of a blood vessel, outside in
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Tunica externa
Tunica media Tunica intima (lamina propria) |
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3 Capillary Types
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Continuous - 99%
Fenestrated - oval pores (kidney) Sinusoidal - holes and clefts (liver) |
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3 Artery Groups
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Elastic - conducting
Muscular - distributing Arterioles - control blood into capillaries |
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2 Vein Types
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Venules - where capilaries unite, porous, leukocyte margination
Veins - capacitance, large lumen vol sink, 60% blood held in syst veins while at rest |
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Vasa Vasorum
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Lymph and blood vessels associated with tunica externa
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Compliance
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Volume of blood a vessel can hold at given P
Compliance = Vol ÷ P |
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Pulse Pressure
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end systolic P - end diastolic P
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Mean Arterial Pressure
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MAP = Diastolic P + 1/3 PulseP
and MAP = CO x R |
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In what three ways is blood return assisted by?
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1. Large lumen
2. valves 3. muscular pumps |
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Blood Flow
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Volume of blood moving past a point per unit time
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Velocity
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Velocity = Flow (CO) ÷ Area ( πr2)
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Peripheral Resistance (R)
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Amt. of friction blood encounters passing through vessels; inversely proportional to flow
Flow = Change in P ÷ R |
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Poiseuille's Law
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R = (8 x Length x Viscosity) ÷ ( πr^4)
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Additional Mechanisms to Control Blood Pressure?
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1. Peripheral chemoreceptors: respond to low O2 P, with vasoconstriction and increased heart rate
2. Central chemoreceptors: respond to high CO2 P, and low pH, with increased sympathetic flow, and BIG RED BUTTON 3. ADH: detect high osmolarity and low bp, respond with vasoconstriction and tells kidney to reabsorb H2O 4. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP): detects high bp in atria, triggers vasodilation and increased excretion |
