Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What does the Apgar scale stand for |
Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration |
|
|
Which score in the Apgar indicates good physical condition? |
7 or higher |
|
|
Which score in the Apgar indicates the baby requiring assistance? |
4-6 |
|
|
When is a baby considered premature? |
Babies born 35 weeks or less or babies weighing less than 5.5 lbs |
|
|
When is a baby considered premature? |
Babies born 35 weeks or less or babies weighing less than 5.5 lbs |
|
|
What is hyaline membrane disease? |
A commonly respiratory distress syndrome in babies born more than 6 weeks early |
|
|
Define canalization |
Tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes
Ex. Strongly canalized behaviour is motor development (all baby's will crawl, walk, takes a lot to change that) |
|
|
When is a baby considered premature? |
Babies born 35 weeks or less or babies weighing less than 5.5 lbs |
|
|
What is hyaline membrane disease? |
A commonly respiratory distress syndrome in babies born more than 6 weeks early |
|
|
Define canalization |
Tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes |
|
|
What is gene environment correlation ? What are the 2 types? |
When our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed
1. Passive- no control over athletic parents expose kids to gymnastics
2.evocative- responses children evoke from others, active baby receives more social stimulation |
|
|
What is tonic neck reflex? |
Turning awake baby's head to the side that is lying on back. Response is fencing position |
|
|
Define pictorial depth |
What artists use to make paintings look 3-d. It is the last depth perception to develop. |
|
|
Define intermodal perception |
Making sense of sound, light, odor and taste information and perceiving it as an integrated whole |
|
|
At what age can infants match faces with voices and look at the appropriate speaker? |
3-4 months |
|
|
What is Gibson's differentiation theory? |
Where infants actively search for features of the environment that remain stable in an ever changing world |
|
|
According to Gibson's what is an affordance? |
Affordances are the possibilities that a situation offers to an individual. The discovery of affordance guides perception. Ex. Baby discovering they cannot walk down an incline without falling |
|
|
Why is practising the swimming reflex dangerous? |
Babies can swallow large amounts of water and in turn lower the [] of salt in their blood resulting in swelling and seizures |
|
|
What is the purpose of the neonatal behavioural assessment scale? |
To evaluate the baby's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli and other reactions |
|
|
What is classical conditioning? |
A neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflective response. Ex. Mother stroking forehead before a feeding, so when mother strokes head the baby automatically makes sucking movements |
|
|
What is operant conditioning? |
When infants act on the environment and stimuli follows their behaviour change to determine whether they will preform that behaviour again or not. Think memory Ex. Sweet milk reinforces sucking response, sour punishes the response and they won't repeat it |
|
|
At what age does it take the longest for a baby to habituate? |
2 months old (age gains in visual perception occurs) |
|
|
What is novelty preference? |
A part of habituation that deals with recent memory and focuses on new things |
|
|
What is familiarity preference? |
A part of habituation that deals with familiar actions and is often seen in delayed situations |
|
|
What is the earliest predictor of intelligence in childhood, adolescence and your adulthood ? |
Habituation and recovery to visual stimuli |
|
|
Define stereopsis |
When the brain blends the two images from each eye (binocular depth) together to create the perception of depth |
|
|
What are the domains of development? |
Physical, cognitive, social |
|
|
When is middle childhood? |
Age 6-11 |
|
|
When is middle childhood? |
Age 6-11 |
|
|
When is early childhood? |
2-6 |
|
|
When is middle childhood? |
Age 6-11 |
|
|
When is early childhood? |
2-6 |
|
|
What ages are considered to be emerging adulthood? |
18-25 |
|
|
What is the difference between continuous and discontinuous development? |
Continuous is like a gradual slope that builds on skills that were there to begin with, like a growing tree, whereas discontinuous is like steps with radical changes like a caterpillar turning into a butterfly |
|
|
What is object permanence? |
When babies under 6 months old believe that an object hidden under a blanket has disappeared (ceases to exist). This is an example of discontinuous development |
|
|
Define stability |
A lifelong characteristic that is associated with heredity and early experiences establish patterns |
|
|
In which period of development does a sense of morality develop? |
Early childhood |
|
|
What does a balanced view on stability and plasticity mean? |
Embraces both continuous and discontinuous change |
|
|
What were the Puritan child depravity views (16th)? |
Views kids as born evil and stubborn and they had to be civilized so harsh childrearing practices were used to tame the child. Love and affection prevented most parents from being too extreme. |
|
|
What is John Locke's blank slate view (17th) ? |
That children start as nothing at all and are entirely shaped by experience. Saw parents as tutors that mold child. He believed in continuous development and plasticity |
|
|
What is Jean-Jacques Rousseau's noble savages view (18th) ? |
Believes kids are NOT a blank slate but rather nobles savages naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong and a plan for healthy growth. Believed the only way this can be harmed is through adult training and adults should let them determine their own destinies. This is a discontinuous idea that is mapped out by nature |
|
|
Who was the first to make observations and document children's behaviour? |
Darwin |
|
|
What is the normative approach? |
Defines what children are like a certain ages. Based on measurement of large populations. Hall and Gesell launched it. |
|
|
What is the mental testing movement? |
Intelligence test that made it easy to compare across children to determine those with learning problems as well as why differences arose. Simon and Binet were the developers |
|
|
Who believes that most human characteristics are due to nature and nurture working together? |
Baldwin |
|
|
Define psychoanalytic perspective. |
Children move through a series of states where they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. The way they resolve these conflicts determines how well they can learn, cope and get along with others. |
|
|
Define psychoanalytic perspective. |
Children move through a series of states where they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. The way they resolve these conflicts determines how well they can learn, cope and get along with others. |
|
|
What is Freud's psychosexual theory? |
Emphasizes how crucial it is how parents manage their child sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years for healthy personality development. |
|
|
Define psychoanalytic perspective. |
Children move through a series of states where they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. The way they resolve these conflicts determines how well they can learn, cope and get along with others. |
|
|
What is Freud's psychosexual theory? |
Emphasizes how crucial it is how parents manage their child sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years for healthy personality development. |
|
|
What are the 3 stages of Freud's theory? |
Id- source of basic biological needs and wants Ego-rational part of personality that desire directs impulses to be acceptable Superego- conscience (appears 3-6 y/o) |
|
|
Who was the first to look at the entire lifespan until death? |
Erikson |
|
|
Define psychoanalytic perspective. |
Children move through a series of states where they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. The way they resolve these conflicts determines how well they can learn, cope and get along with others. |
|
|
What is Freud's psychosexual theory? |
Emphasizes how crucial it is how parents manage their child sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years for healthy personality development. |
|
|
What are the 3 stages of Freud's theory? |
Id- source of basic biological needs and wants Ego-rational part of personality that desire directs impulses to be acceptable Superego- conscience (appears 3-6 y/o) |
|
|
Who was the first to look at the entire lifespan until death? |
Erikson |
|
|
What is Erikson's psychosocial theory? |
Built on Freud's theory, in addition to mediating between Id impulses and superego demands the ego makes a positive contribution to development, makes person active and contributing member of society |
|
|
What is behaviourism? |
Involves classical and operant conditioning. Very effective for children with autism to help communication, eye contact and feeling comfortable around others. These interventions are costly and time consuming |
|
|
What is Watson and little Albert with the white rat an example of? |
Classical conditioning |
|
|
What is the social learning theory? |
Imitation/ observational learning. |
|
|
Define behaviour modification. |
Procedures that combine conditioning and modelling to eliminate undesirable behaviours/ increase desirable ones |
|
|
What is Piaget's cognitive developmental theory? |
Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world "little scientist" |
|
|
At what age is Piaget's preoperational stage? |
2-7 |
|
|
At what age is Piaget's preoperational stage? |
2-7 |
|
|
At what age is Piaget's concrete operational stage? |
7-11 |
|
|
At what age is Piaget's preoperational stage? |
2-7 |
|
|
At what age is Piaget's concrete operational stage? |
7-11 |
|
|
At what age is Piaget's sensorimotor stage? |
0-2 |
|
|
What is Vygotsky's sociocultural theory? |
How culture (values, beliefs, customs etc.) is transmitted to the next generation. He believes social interaction is required between the child and knowledgable member |
|
|
What is Bronfennrenner's ecological systems theory? |
The child develops within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment |
|
|
What is Bronfennrenner's ecological systems theory? |
The child develops within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment |
|
|
What is the Microsystem? |
Part of the ecological system. Innermost level of environment that includes child's immediate surroundings. All relationships are bidirectional. |
|
|
What is Bronfennrenner's ecological systems theory? |
The child develops within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment |
|
|
What is the Microsystem? |
Part of the ecological system. Innermost level of environment that includes child's immediate surroundings. All relationships are bidirectional. |
|
|
What is the mesosystem? |
Part of the ecological system. Second level containing things like school, neighbourhood, daycare. |
|
|
What is Bronfennrenner's ecological systems theory? |
The child develops within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment |
|
|
What is the Microsystem? |
Part of the ecological system. Innermost level of environment that includes child's immediate surroundings. All relationships are bidirectional. |
|
|
What is the mesosystem? |
Part of the ecological system. Second level containing things like school, neighbourhood, daycare. |
|
|
What is the ecosystem? |
Part of the ecological system. Consists of social settings this do not contain child but still affect ten like parents workplace, health services etc |
|
|
What is the macrosystem? |
Part of the ecological system, outermost level. Consists of cultural values, customs, laws and resources. |
|
|
What is the dynamic systems perspective? |
An ever changing system where the child's mind , body and physical and social worlds form an integrated systems and guides the mastery of new skills. Different from continuous and stages, more like a web |
|
|
What is naturalistic observation? |
Conditions that cannot be controlled, reflects participants everyday behaviour. |
|
|
What is naturalistic observation? |
Conditions that cannot be controlled, reflects participants everyday behaviour. |
|
|
What is structured observation? |
Participants have equal chance to display behaviour. May not yield typical behaviours |
|
|
What is observer influence and how can it be avoided? |
When participants react in unnatural ways due to observers presence. Solution is training a parent to be an observer |
|
|
What is the biggest drawback of clinical interviews? |
It is hard to compare answers as they range so widely |
|
|
What is the biggest strength of structured interviews/ questionnaires? |
Most of interview bias is removed, it is efficient and it is easy to compare answers. Also people are more likely to answer truthfully |
|
|
What is ethnography? |
Participate observation of a culture or distinct social group. Researcher tried to capture cultures unique values and social processes |
|
|
What are the most common neurobiological methods? |
EEG ( just measuring brain waves) & ERP ( seeing how brain responds to participant doing something) |
|
|
What is an fMRI? |
Participant has to lie commonly still and a scanner magnetically detects his brain responds to the world. ( not common in children) |
|
|
What is PET? |
First a radioactive substance is injected/ inhaled and the person lays down and is scanned with an X-ray that detects increased blood flow and oxygen metabolism on areas of the brain as person processes stimuli. (Not for children) |
|
|
What is NIRS? |
A cap with optical fibers attached and a light is beamed into brain. The absorption of light into the cerebral cortex varies with blood flow change as stimuli is processed. Results in moving picture of active areas of brain. IS APPROPRIATE for children bc they can move freely |
|
|
What is the one nutrient fetuses cannot extract from the mother? |
Iron ( supplement important in diabetic mothers) |
|
|
What did Charles Nelson's ERP research show? |
That an iron depletion affects critical brain areas in fetuses including lasting memory deficits and long term learning problems |
|
|
How long does the period of the zygote last and what are the key events? |
2 weeks. Fertilization, implantation, start of placenta |
|
|
How long is the length of the embryo and what key events occur? |
6 weeks. The heart begins to beat and arms, legs, face, muscles and organs begin to develop |
|
|
How long is the period of the fetus and what are the key events? |
30 weeks. Growth and finishing |
|
|
When does implantation occur? |
Between the 7-9th day |
|
|
What is the age of viability |
22 weeks |
|
|
Why was thalidomide removed from the market? |
It was causing birth defects in babies in their upper limbs, primarily if taken between the 4-6 week mark |
|
|
How often is some form of medication used in U.S births? |
80% |
|
|
Why are heel priks done shortly after birth? |
Early detection of treatable diseases like PKU |
|
|
What is an otoacoustic emission? |
Simple non invasive hearing test where baby wears war bid and a ping is played. If the ear works properly the hair cells will fire a ping back to the device. |
|
|
What is a newborn behavioural observation (NBO)? |
It is a naturalistic observation of caregiver and infants and contains baby's strengths and weaknesses and recommendations on how to improve them |
|
|
Research designs: what is a correlation method? |
One where we don't manipulate anything. Checking to see if there is a relationship or not |
|
|
What is REM sleep? |
Occasional movements, eyelids closed with rapid eye movements, breathing irregular. Much higher periods in babies |
|
|
What is NREM sleep? |
Non rapid eye movement sleep where body is almost motionless and HR , breathing and brain wave activity is slowed and even. Newborns have small amounts of this sleep and it increase as they age |
|
|
What is constant that all babies and people around the world have to do? |
Sit and walk |
|
|
What is considered innate and hard wired into us? |
Motivation to explore and mastery of new skills |
|
|
Is motor development an innate skill? |
No. It takes practice, they are softly assembled through exploration and motivation. Culture also effects it |
|
|
What is included in perceptual development? |
Touch, taste & smell, hearing , vision |
|
|
When do babies begin to like salty taste? |
4 months |
|
|
If babies war anatomy is well developed at birth then why do they have a really hard time localizing sound? |
Their heads are not very big so there is less of a difference in the onset of sound to one versus the other ear. As the head grows we get better |
|
|
What is the perceptual narrowing effect? |
Losing the ability to tell the difference in primate faces |
|
|
What is linguistic narrowing effect? |
Losing the ability to discriminate the phonemes of all languages |
|
|
Research designs: what is experimental design? |
The independent variable is manipulated to see the effect on the dependent variable |
|
|
What is vision at birth ? |
20/600 |
|
|
When does an individual reach 20/20 vision? |
4 years old |
|
|
When does depth perception develop? |
6-7 months |
|
|
Research designs: difference between field experiment and natural experiment? |
Field has a random assignment of participants, natural compared differences in groups that already exist |
|
|
What is longitudinal research? |
When the same participants are studied repeatedly at different ages |
|
|
What is cross sectional research? |
People of differing ages are all studies at once. This helps to same money and cab have the same effect as longitudinal |
|
|
What is sequential research? |
The same groups of different ages people are repeatedly studied as they change ages. Includes both longitudinal and crimes sectional. |
|
|
What is microgenetic research? |
When the same participant is studied repeatedly over a short period as they master task ( basically an entire longitudinal study in a short time) |
|
|
How would you try to convince a girl? |
Have sex a few days prior to ovulation so only the x sperms are left to fertilize the egg |
|
|
Are boys or girls more prone to need c sections and have developmental disorders? |
Boys |
