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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Light Characteristics
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Colour & Intensity
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Light Characteristics are caused by
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Wavelength & Amplitude
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Reflection
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Rays that are bounced back off of a reflective surface
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Refraction
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Rays that bend as they pass through a matrix
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Diffraction
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Light scattering as it comes in contact with objects/boundaries
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Angle of Incidence
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Angle formed by the incoming ray and a line perpendicular to the surface of the medium
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Angle of Reflection
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Angle formed by reflected ray and a line drawn perpendicular to the reflective surface
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Angle of Refraction
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Angle formed by ray exiting a matrix and a line drawn perpendicular to the reflective surface
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Spherical Aberration
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light is refracted differently due to the entrance point along the lens and therefore converge at different points
-corrected by a negative lens |
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Chromatic Aberration
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When different wavelengths in white light have different focal point
-corrected by a negative lens |
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Comatic Aberration
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Causes the illusion of a curved field on a flat specimen
-corrected by eye piece system that has the appropriate thickness/number/placement to correct curvature |
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Concave Lens
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Negative lens, causes incident rays to diverge
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Convex Lens
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Positive lens, causes rays to converge
-Thicker lens = shorter focal length |
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Focal Point
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Point where light converges after it passes through the lens
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Focal Length
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Distance from the midpoint of the lens to the focal point
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Purpose of Light Microscopy
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To enlarge and render fine detail visible
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Resolution
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Ability to see two objects as distinct
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Resolving Power
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Ability of lens to offer resolution
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Numerical Aperture
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light gathering/resolving power of the lens as determined by focal length and radius
-Determines resolving power -The higher the quality the higher the NA |
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Optimal Alignment
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Full numerical aperture and full resolving power
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Working Distance
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Distance from the bottom of the objective to material being examined
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Light Source
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Controlled by rheostat; tungsten, halogen tungsten
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Condenser
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Consists of two lenses: Substage/abbe stage (includes iris diaphragm) condenser. Directs and focuses beam of light onto the specimen.
-NA equal or slightly less than objective in use |
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Iris Diaphragm
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Controls amount of light illuminating the field of view
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Oil Objectives
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Gives higher numerical aperture and resolving power
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Ocular lens
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10x; magnifies image formed by objective
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Objectives with lower NA
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Greater depth of field
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Objectives with higher NA
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Shallow depth of field
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Routes of Infection
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Ingestion, inhalation, inoculation
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Bio-Risk Groups are classified by:
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-pathogenicity
-infectious dose -mode of transmission -host range -availability of effective preventative measures -availability of treatment |
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Risk Group 1
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Low individual/community risk
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Risk Group 2
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Moderate individual, low community risk
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Risk Group 3
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High individual, low community risk
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Risk Group 4
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High individual, high community
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Bio-containment Level 1
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Open bench top, safe practice, PPE
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Bio-containment Level 2
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Bio-safety cabinets, PPE, autoclave
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Bio-containment Level 3
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Access control, HEPA filtered exhaust, respiratory protection
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Bio-containment Level 4
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Fully sealed, positive pressure suits, class III BSC, decontamination of exhausts
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Infection Control
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Treat everything as if it is infectious and use "standard precautions"
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Standard Precautions
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Hand washing, PPE, cleaning/disinfection procedures
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Droplet Precaution
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use of goggles/face shield
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Airborne Precaution
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Use of Mask
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Nosocomial Infection
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Acquired while staying in the hospital
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Iatrogenic
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Resulting from treatment
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Aerosol
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Suspension of particles in the air that can gain access to the respiratory tract
-can be bacteria/virus/fungi/parasite |
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Aerosol outcomes depend on:
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microbial viability, concentration, size, volume of aerosol generated and individual susceptibility
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At risk of aerosols when:
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Uncapping tubes, in/near biological spill/specimen container breakage, centrifuging open tubes, circulating blood, manipulating microbial cultures
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Isolation
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patients under negative pressure
-staff wear N95 masks, gown, gloves (double?) -items don't leave the room without being decontaminated *for the protection of other patients and healthcare workers |
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Reverse Isolation
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Patients under positive pressure
-items not used from room to room -intended to protect patient (immunocompromised?) |
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Swing-out Rotor
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For larger loads
-loaded in vertical position and swing out into horizontal plane |
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Fixed Rotor
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Spins at fixed angle
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Calculating relative centrifugal force
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0.00001118 x radius x (rpm)^2
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To avoid centrifuge breakage and aerosol creation
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All tubes must be spun closed, always use centrifuge bucket lids, balance the load
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Balancing the load
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By weight/size/shape/kind on diagonal axis
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Pathogenesis
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The origin/progression of disease
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Health
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Defined by the population stats and average ranges
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Morbidity
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rate at which or ability of a disease to cause harm
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Acute
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Short
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Chronic
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Overtime
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Subclinical
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Person has it but it is undetectable by lab
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Symptoms
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What is experienced
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Signs
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What can be observed, detected by laboratory
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Congenital
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Passed on at birth or hereditary disease
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Autoimmune
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body mounts an immune response to itself; particular cell or cell type
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Idiopathic
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Don't know the cause
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Screening test
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does not confirm, purpose is to catch as many people as possible
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Endemic
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Normally found in geographical areas
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Epidemic
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Widespread among particular population (geographical/demographic)
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Pandemic
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Widespread/global
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Parfocal
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Distance between specimen plane and intermediate image plane
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Class I BSC
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protects you, no product/environmental protection
-unrecirculated air into HEPA filter and out into atmosphere |
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Class II BSC
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Used in labs, protects from containment levels 2,3, and potential exposure to 4, protects you/environment/product
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Class II BSC A1
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-Recirculated into lab or ducted out of building/thimble connection (HEPA)
-0.38 m/s -not suitable for toxic chemicals |
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Class II BSC A2
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-Recirculated into lab or ducted out of building/thimble connection (HEPA)
-0.5 m/s -can be used for low levels of toxic chemicals |
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Class II BSC B1
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Hard ducted, HEPA to atmosphere (30% recirculated)
-contains negative pressure plenums -0.5 m/s -suitable for low level toxic chemicals |
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Class II BSC B2
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Hard ducted, HEPA to atmosphere (100% through filter and out)
-contains negative pressure plenums -0.5 m/s -suitable for low level toxic chemicals |
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Class III BSC
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Air tight
-cabinet under negative pressure -work through gloves -worker/product/environment protection -suitable for level 4 protection |
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Disinfection
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destroys many/all pathogenic organisms but does not get rid of spores
*way of decontamination -can be done chemically or other ways |
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Decontamination
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Process of removing contamination by killing microorganisms
-through autoclave/chemical disinfection/incineration |
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Autoclave Tape
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Changes colour to indicate air has been removed and replaced with steam (not sensitive to time or pressure)
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Autoclave
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Time/temperature/pressure/moisture content and contact dependent
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Fume hood types:
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conventional, ductless, canopy, slotted bench
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Fume hood
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does not offer protection from biologically hazardous agents but does protect from safety hazards
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1st level of protection
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PPE
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2nd level of protection
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procedural
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3rd level of protection
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engineering controls like biosafety cabinets
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Supplier labels WHMIS
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hatched borer, identify product, identify supplier, precautionary measures, hazard symbols, risk phrases, first aid measures, reference to MSDS
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Workplace labels WHMIS
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product name, safe handling procedures, reference to MSDS
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Confidentiality
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The ethical principal/legal agreement that a health care professional will hold secret all information relating to a patient unless the patient gives consent permitting disclosure
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Privacy
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The state of being free from intrusion or disturbance in ones private life or affairs
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Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FOIPOP)
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Law in BC that governs rights and responsibilities of those who are seeking and/or providing personal information in the public sector
-allows people to take legal action over breech of confidentiality |
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Privacy Act
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Federal legislation governing the privacy of Canadians
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PIPEDA
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Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (Canada)
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Why Kohler Illumination?
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optimization of the light pathway through the light microscope
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Testing Priorities
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Routine
Fasting Timed STAT Trauma |
