Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
4 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Contagion
|
Microbes:
- contagion: spreading of disease from one individual to another (direct or indirect) - diamond discusses how microbes change/evolve- darwinian (survival of the fittest) - microbes latched on to domesticating human (caucus mountain people) - Diamond takes perspective of microbe - happens through fornication with domesticated animals (exchange of bodily fluids) - handling dung, blood, urine of animals - animals more susceptible to diseases among themselves (confined in small spaces) and pass on to people - humans eat infected animals - some microbes can be passed via air (through coughing/sneezing)= deadly gifts Measles, Tuberculosis, Smallpox - come from mutated microbes of cows Influenza, pertussis, malaria - influenza: comes from pigs and ducks (china) - cold: comes from pigs - malaria comes from certain birds, especially chickens Immunities - first humans to domesticate animals were first to become immune to these diseases - immunities were passed on throughout generations - deadly gifts were mixed blessings-> used unwittingly against americans |
|
|
Mesopotamia
|
Tigris River
- Mesopotamia: hot-aired land, surrounded by mountains Euphrates River Surpluses - needed surpluses to survive because of isolation Scarcity - resulted because of hard climate Cradle of Civilization (western) - area around Mesopotamia - Mesopotamia is part of the Fertile Crescent - Rise--> 5000 BC Babylonians, Assyrians - Mesopotamians called themselves babylonians and Assyrians - comprises much of Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Iron Sumerians Babylon, Urok, Ur - Babylon: biggest city - Urok, Ur: Biblical cities - cities strong--> based on agriculture - Agriculture--> forward from prior agricultural areas - first area to herd--> first to domesticate cows, horses, camels - obtained milk, fertilizer - human beings first developed ability to digest milk and dairy products - used animals for beasts of burden Stone Age - did not fabricate metals-- >still considered Stone Age Irrigation Systems - learned to control water agricultural systems based on irrigation - fluctuating river (lots of snow in winter, snow melts--> river rise) - blazing summer drought--> horrible without water Wheat, millet, barley - best cereals and pulses around Mesopotamia - first cereals harvested - peas, lentils - worked with harsh climate to cultivate palm trees, wheat, millet, barley - many bushels of wheat per acre Civilizations and wilderness - after surplus of food, needed to protect it - built walled civilizations - no mesopotamian cities were part of wilderness (like they were before) -culture thrived for milleniums - after roman culture, civilization began to decline - solidity of soil caused decline (wheat, millet would not grow-only barley) - first to rise and fall thorugh applied technology and intense manipulation of the environment - a lot of war (i.e. babylonians vs. syrians)--> caused by religion, water rights, territory; arians came in from north, east and would attack city-states; the bigger the city, bigger the army; region has never really been at peace |
|
|
Ancient Egypt
|
Part of Fertile Crescent
Protodynastic period - Egypt-> almost fully dependent on Nile - date back to 5400 BC - lasted until 5100 BC - domesticated plants and animals throughout kingdoms - west of nile--> oasis - decline of egypt--> river rose predictably--> did not have to use much agriculture (less environmentally manipulative) Old Kingdom (5100BC-4200BC) Middle Kingdom (4200-3500 BC) New Kingdom Band, Tribe, Chiefdom, State - progession of governments - egyptians at chiefdom stage by 5500 BC- not like anyone else in the world - advanced to state level by 3300 BC - Egalitarianism: equality- all people are equal not one person is in charge - Kleptocracy: to steal--> elites in society are taking a percentage of the fruits of the commoners (more advanced) - considerable interaction between Mesopotamia & Egypt--> religion/gods Pharoahs - beyond heads of chiefdom - created a large bureaucracy of chiefs, scribes, professionals throughout states Great pyramid of Khufu - 13 acre area: tribute to pharoahs as well as an archive Giza - same place as khufu Sphinx - still don't know why it was built exactly Warfare - egyptians would conquer other civilizations, capture people, and put them into slavery |
|
|
Dynastic China
|
Neolithic period
- people inhabited china as early 1 million years ago - "new stone age"- herding began- happened within one thousand years of fertile crescent Pigs, chickens, water buffalo - pigs--> first large domesticated, then chickens - water buffalo--> provided milk, fertilizer, plow power - with animal domestication came germs (influenza first began here--> developed in human beings) Silkworms, ducks, geese, teas, peaches - silkworms: can create fine fabric from silk - ducks/geese: eggs and meat - tea trees: first domesticated in china - peaches: first trees domesticated in china Citrus fruits, rice - early ancestors came from china - rice--> transference- origins were not in china- came from india, which came from western asia Dynastic culture - because of environmental advantages developed dynastic culture by 2000 BC - families were all powerful - good at controlling water- needed to connect cities Grand Canal, Great Wall - no dominant north/south or east/west- easier transferrance - Grand Canal- longest canal in world when created in last millenium BC - Great Wall--> dates back to 3rd century BC- constructed over thousands of years- across northern border of China - China: oldest culture of that part of the world - shares a lot with Fertile Crescent, but far less similar to them |
