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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A Chemical element differs from other elements by its
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number of protons because the number of protons defines the nature of each element.
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elements
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-pure substances
-composed of atoms of the same atomic number |
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protons
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-heavy and positively charged
-the number of protons in the nucleus determines what element it is -found in the nucleus of atoms |
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number of electrons
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-tiny and negatively charged
-hover around the nucleus -make almost no contribution to the mass of an atom -electron clouds interacting are what are responsible for creating molecules by bonding atoms together |
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number of neutrons
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-heavy and are uncharged
-found in the center of nucleus -contribute to the atomic mass of an element -can vary in number inside the nucleus |
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dark energy
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Dark Energy 74% of the universe.
The only visible matter make up 4% |
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the circumference of the earth is approximately
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40,000 km
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the mass of the sun us what fraction of the mass if the solar system
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99.9%
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Were all of the elements in the universe created by the Big Bang?
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No. Only the simplest atomic nuclei are formed.
-hydrogen and helium produced during the big bang -first 3 minutes of the universe. |
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How were all of the elements in the universe created?
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The elements that weren't created during the big bang were created are created during stellar nucleosynthesis.
-elements after atomic number 26 are created in super novae. |
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How old is the earth?
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the earth is 4.55 billion years old
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What would happen if the earth didn't have an atmosphere
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the average surface temperature would be -18 degrees.
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What 2 elements in the crust primarily composed of?
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oxygen and silicon
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Olivines
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-Lowest silica content
-high melting point -Fe and Mg rich |
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Micas
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-Sheet silicate
-intermediate silica content -intermediate melting point -can be light or dark colored -Mafic. Fe, Mg, K |
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Feldspars
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-High silica content
-low melting point -Light colors -Felsic: K, Na rich |
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Quartz
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-Feldspar+ Quartz= 95% of crust
-Highest silica content -Lowest Melting point -Light color |
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the outer core is responsible for?
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the magnetic field.
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Does the magnetic field shield earth from solar wind?
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yes
-protects earth's surface from solar wind and harmful radiation -the magnetic field can also flip in polarity |
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You are given 2 materials. They are both the same size. What does it mean if one of the materials has a lower density than the other?
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that the material with lower density also has a lower mass than the other object.
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what is true about the crust?
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-the crust is defined by its chemical composition.
-there are two types of crust: chemical and oceanic -The crust is a rigid layer -The density of the crust is about 2.7-3 g/cm3 |
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The lithosphere
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-the rigid, cool, outer layer of the earth
-Tectonic plates are regions of the lithosphere that move as a unit -the lithosphere includes the crust -The lithosphere rides on the asthenosphere |
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The asthenosphere
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-weak and plastic in texture
-below the lithosphere -partially molten and moves like silly putty underneath the lithosphere |
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The core
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-composed of iron -very dense.
-consists of the inner core and the outer core |
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The crust
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- is mostly oxygen and silicon which are composed of feldspar and quartz
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The mantle
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-oxygen silicon and magnesium
-2/3 of earth's mass -very mafic b/c of magnesium |
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Oceanic crust
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-is basaltic in composition and very thin
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the 2nd most abundant element in the earth is oxygen. How was it formed?
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-By nuclear fusion in the interior of stars.
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Fine crystals are indicative of
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extrusive igneous rock
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The approximate latitude of Boulder is
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40 degrees North
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What type of Rock is shale?
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clastic sedimentary rock
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igneous rock
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-is formed from magma
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sedimentary rock
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-formed from part of other rocks
-carries rock history |
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metamorphic rock
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-rocks formed by re-crystallization of other rocks under heat and pressure
-done without melting or eroding |
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What characteristics of landscape shows that the Dakota Group is more resistant to weathering?
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The Dakota group has a hogback, while the benton formation forms a valley.
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The Benton formation
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.
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characteristics of a mineral
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-atoms are arranged in a 3-dimensional array
-a specific chemical composition -a naturally occurring solid -inorganic |
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Which if these mineral has the lowest melting point
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quartz
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Which extrusive rock has the lowest silica content
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Basalt
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Which rock type would be composed primarily of fine, small, crystals of intermediate silica content minerals?
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Andesite
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Which rock type forms from low-viscosity lava?
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Basalt
-is an extrusive volcanic rock that is silica poor and mafic |
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If a rock underwent Rapid cooling on the surface and had very fine crystals it would most likely be
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an igneous rock
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Granitic crust means what kind of crust?
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Continental crust
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Is it true that the lithosphere can be thought of as floating on top of the asthenosphere?
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yes
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If the average elevation of the continents is 875 m. What percentage of the earth's surface area is at elevations above 875m?
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10%
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50% of _____ is found at depths below the average ocean depth.
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The Earth's surface area
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The two broad steps, one a little below sea level, and one far below sea level, reflect
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two types of crusts of different thickness and density
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Where do earth quakes occur?
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at plate boundaries
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If the water were removed where would the lowest points on earth's surface be found?
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convergent margins
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convergent margins
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-collision zones
-oceanic crust will subduct at convergent margins |
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divergent margins
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-the plates are spreading away from each other
-magma rises from the mantle and forms new mid ocean ridges that makes the plates spread away from each other. |
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transform margins
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-plates slide past each other
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mid-ocean ridges
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-where oceanic crust is made due to the magma rising from the mantle.
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How many magnitude 8 Earthquakes would it take to release about the same amount of energy as a moment magnitude 9 earthquake?
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about 30
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moment magnitude earthquakes
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Each unit of 1 increase in a moment magnitude reflects a factor of 31 increase in energy released.
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Is it true that earthquakes of the same moment magnitude can have different seismic shaking intensities?
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yes
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What factors will produce an earthquake with a high seismic moment and hence high moment magnitude?
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A long fault rupture during the earthquake.
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The motion of plates builds up stress energy that is released during an earthquake?
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True
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P waves
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-Are the first seismic waves seen in a seismogram
-longitudinal or compression waves -material will compress and expand to transmit waves -sound - |
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Seismic intensity(the modified mercalli scale
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-Seismic intensity increases with duration of shaking in an earthquake
-high construction standards, will reduce the seismic intensity -seismic intensity depends on the nature of the materials in the subsurface -seismic intensity tends to decrease with distance away from the epicenter of the earthquake. |
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How are the location of earthquakes determined?
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by evaluating the difference in arrival times of P and S waves at a number of seismograph stations
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S waves
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-transverse or shear waves
-material will move side to side -cannot be transffered through a liquid -slower than p waves |
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Where does the energy for plate tectonics come from?
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-heat from earth's interior
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Where is new crust formed from the mantle?
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Mid-Ocean ridges
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Where are the tallest mountains found on earth?
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-continent continent convergence zones
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ocean-continent convergence zones
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-partial melting will occur on top of the sub ducting slab
b/c the oceanic plate will sink down and warm up -the nazca plate and he juan de fuca plate. -forms a volcanic arc |
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ocean-ocean convergence zones
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-closer in density than ocean/continent
-will form an island arc -the Marianas islands and the Marianas trench. |
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Continent Continent convergence zones
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-both plates are buyout so instead of one subducting they will fold and form mountains, but not volcanic ones.
-Tibet and himalayas |
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sequence of events in the big bang theory
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-first subatomic particles
-then atomic nuclei -then stable atoms with protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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mineral
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a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a very specific internal structure.
-has a crystal structure and a specific chemical composition. |
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silicate mineral
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-the most common minerals in the earth
-contain silicon and oxygen atoms -95% of earths crust - |
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pyroxines
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-low silica content
-High melting point -Dark colored -Ultramafic |
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density
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Density=Mass/Volume
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rocks
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a naturally occurring solid composed of minerals, organic matter, or glass.
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intrusive igneous rocks
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-coarse crystals that can be seen with the naked eye
-slow cooling that happened underground |
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extrusive igneous rock
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-have small or a variety of crystals that can't be seen with the naked eye
-rapid cooling at the surface |
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continental crust
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-granitic in composition and
-much denser |
