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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Th2 cytokines that perform important regulatory roles in allergic inflammation
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IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13
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IgE binds to the high-affinity IgE receptor on mast cells or basophils via the ___________.
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alpha chain of Fc epsilon receptor (FceRI-alpha).
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IgE can also bind to the _______ on B cells to augment cellular and humoral immune responses in allergic disease.
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low-affinity IgE receptor (FceRII)
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CD marker for the low-affinity IgE receptor (FceRII)
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CD 23
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What is the predominant cell in the chronic inflammation process characteristic of late-phase allergic responses?
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Eosinophils
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Eosinophils are a potent source of __________, a mediator that is elevated in nasal lavage fluid of seasonal allergic rhinitis patients after allergen challenge and that contributes to nasal blockage.
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LTC4
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The cytokine that stimulates eosinophil proliferation
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IL-5
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CD4 T cells (Th cells) are involved in ___________ immunity and recognize processed antigens presented on the surface of MHC___ molecules on professional APCs.
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Humoral immunity; MHC II
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CD8 T cells (Tc cells) orchestrate the ___________ response and interact with processed antigen presented on the surface of MHC___
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Cell-mediated immunity; MHC I
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Th1 cells produce ____, ____, ___ which are all inducers of cell-mediated immunity or delayed-type hypersensitivity.
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IL-2, IFN gamma, TNF alpha
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The major Th2 cytokines are __, __, __ and are helpers for B-cell antibody secretion, particularly IgE.
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IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
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IL-4 inhibits production of which cytokine? It also inhibits the expression of the beta 2 subunit of the receptor for the same cytokine on T cells.
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IL-12
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IL-12 is a potent stimulator of ___
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IFN gamma production by T cells
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IL-4 downregulates the IL-12Rbeta2 which decreases the responsiveness of ___ cells to ___.
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Th2 cells; IL-12
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IFN gamma enhances production of ____ by T cells
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IL-12
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CD markers for Treg cells
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CD4 and CD25
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CD25+ Treg cells produce which inhibitory cytokine?
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IL-10
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IL-10 inhibits_____ and _____
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Th1 and Th2 cytokine production; proliferation of CD4+ Tcells
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Transcription factor for CD25+ Treg cells
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Foxp3
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Foxp3 stands for
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Forkhead box P3
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Mutations in Foxp3 lead to what syndrome?
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IPEX syndrome
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"IPEX" in IPEX syndrome stands for...
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immundysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, and enteropathy X-linked
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The chemokine eotaxin-1 is also known as____is produced by epithelium and recruits eosinophils and otehr cells from the blood for inflammatory reactions in tissues
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CCL-11
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______ is synthesised in epitheal cells and has vasodilating and bronchodilating effects and plays an important role in neurotransmission, immune defense, cytotoxicity, ciliary beat frequency, and mucus secretion.
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Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
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Asphyxic fatal asthma is associated with an increase of which cell type in the airways?
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Neutrophils
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____ (a cytokine) is the most potent activator of neutrophils (secretion of granular enzymes, LTB4, oxygen radicals, and stimulates phagocytosis)
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IL-8 (also known as CXCL-8)
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This cell type is increased in the airways of patients with steroid resistant and nocturnal asthma
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Neutrophil
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What proinflammatory cytokines are released by neutrophils?
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IL-9, TNFα, and TGF alpha
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What chromosome is the gene for IL-4 located on? (Also the chromosomes for IL-3, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13 and GM-CSF)
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Chromosome 5 (5q31.1) ("Th2 cytokine gene cluster")
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Which cell type is the major source of IL-4 in the airways?
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CD4+ T cells
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This cytokine is critical for class switching to IgE production
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IL-4
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This cytokine is critical in the development of eosinophils in the bone marrow influencing mainly terminal differentiation of CD34/CD33 progenitor cells (i.e., committed eosinophil precursors)
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IL-5
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IL-5 stimulates the production of which immunoglobulin by plasma cells?
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IgA
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TRUE or FALSE: IL-5 promotes eosinophil survival by blocking apoptosis
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TRUE
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This Th2 cytokine is expressed and released by lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, and neutrophils and promotes the proliferation and differentiation of mast cells and hematopoietic progenitors and it enhances the production of IgE by B cells
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IL-9
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___ is a key mediator of allergic airways disorders and has 70% sequence homology with IL-4.
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IL-13
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IL-13 induces production of which immunoglobulin?
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IgE
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IL-13 activates eosinophils by inducing the expression of ____.
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CD69
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IL-13 downregulates the transcription of ___ and ___ and thus may modulate the cytokine environment at the time of antigen presentation.
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IFN gamma & IL-12
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In the lungs, overexpression of IL-13 results in...
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IgE production, eotaxin, inflammation, MUCUS HYPERSECRETION, eosinophilia, and upregulation of VCAM-1
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TRUE or FALSE: There are no IL-13 receptors on T cells
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TRUE
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___ is the main chemokine involved in the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of lung inflammation and is the most potent activator of neutrophils
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IL-8
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RANTES is also known as
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CCL 5
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Eotaxin is also known as
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CCL 11
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CCL 13 is also known as
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MCP-4
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RANTES, Eotaxin, and MCP-4 are important chemoattractants for ____
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Eosinophils
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____ is the transcription factor that is the master regulator of Th2 cell generation
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GATA-3
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GATA-3 is critical for the production of IL-5 and IL-13 but NOT for ____
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IL-4
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____ is the main transcription factor associated with Th1 cells
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T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet)
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T-bet transactivates and controls ___ production in Th1 cells
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IFN gamma
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The "Th2 cytokine gene cluster" is located on Chromosome ___ and contains genes for which cytokines which are located adjacent to each other?
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IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and GM-CSF
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Basophils like mast cells, produce many Th2 mediators including LTC4, IL-4, and IL-13. However, unlike mast cells, basophils DO NOT produce ___, ___, ___, or ___.
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PDG2, TNF, IL-5, or tryptase
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CD4 CD25 T reg cellsproduce high levels of ____ and are involved in the maintenance of self-tolerance and the suppression of the immune system.
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IL-10
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Production of ___ by T reg cells can inhibit Th1 and Th1 cytokine production.
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IL-10
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The autacoid mediators released by mast cells that are considered to increase vascular permeability
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cys-LTs (LTC4) and PGD2
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