Middle School Math Praxis Ii

Front 1

Absolute Value

Back 1

Distance of a number from zero on a number line. Since distance is positive, the absolute value of any number must be positive.

| 5 | = 5

|- 5| = 5

Front 2

Acute angle

Back 2

An angle that measures between 0 and 90 degrees

0° < x < 90°

Front 3

Acute triangle

Back 3

All angles in the triangle are acute

A 40 - 60 - 80 triangle is acute

Front 4

Additive Inverse

Back 4

A number and its opposite
When you add them they equal zero.
5 and -5 are inverses
because 5 + (-5) = 0

Front 5

Adjacent angles

Back 5

Two coplanar angles with a common side, a common vertex, and no common interior points

Front 6

Adjacent arcs

Back 6

Two arcs in the same circle that have exactly one point in common.

Front 7

Algebraic expression

Back 7

A collection of letters (variables) and real numbers (constants) combined using the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation.

Front 8

Amplitude of a periodic function

Back 8

Half the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the function

Front 9

Angle

Back 9

The shape formed by two rays (called sides of the angle) with the same endpoint (called the vertex of the angle). In geometry an angle can be defined by the vertex or by the rays and vertex.

Front 10

Angle bisector

Back 10

A ray that divides an angle into two congruent (equal) angles

Front 11

Arc

Back 11

Part of a circle
Exactly half the circle is called a semicircle.
Less than half is a minor arc and more than half is a major arc.

Front 12

Arithmetic Sequence

Back 12

A sequence where the difference between consecutive terms is a constant
The arithmetic sequence 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, ... has a common difference of 3

Front 13

Associative Property

Back 13

Changing the grouping of addends or factors does not change the sum or product. Grouping doesn't matter when adding or multiplying
(2 + 3) + 4 = 5 + 4 = 9
2 + (3 + 4) = 2 + 7 = 9
(2 x 6) x 5 = 12 x 5 = 60
2 x (6 x 5) = 2 x 30 = 60

Front 14

Asymptote

Back 14

A line the graph of a function gets close to but does not cross

Front 15

Axis of Symmetry

Back 15

The line about which you can reflect a graph onto itself
When you fold a graph on the axis of symmetry, both sides match
For the parabola,
y = x2 + 2x - 1 the axis of symmetry is the line x = -1

Front 16

Beta Β β

Back 16

Greek letter frequently used to represent angles

Front 17

Binomial

Back 17

Expression with two terms - bi means two
2x + 3

Front 18

Binomial Experiment

Back 18

A experiment that has only two possible outcomes
Tossing one coin is binomial because you only get heads or tails

Front 19

Binomial Theorem

Back 19

(a+b)^n
(x + 3)2= x2 + 6x + 9 is a binomial expansion

Front 20

Central angle

Back 20

An angle whose vertex is the center of a circle

Front 21

Coefficient

Back 21

The numerical factor when a term has a variable. The number next to a letter
5y
5 is the coefficient and y is the variable

Front 22

Collinear

Back 22

Points that lie on the same line
Points that all line up

Front 23

Common Factors

Back 23

Numbers, variables, and any products formed from the prime factors that appear in all terms of an expression
For 2x2 -6x
2 and x are the common factors

Front 24

Commutative Property

Back 24

Changing the order of addends or factors does not change the sum or product. Order doesn't matter when adding or multiplying
2 + 3 = 3 + 2 = 5
5 x 4 = 4 x 5 = 20

Front 25

Complementary angles

Back 25

Two positive angles whose measures add to 90 degrees
A + B = 90°

Front 26

Complex fraction

Back 26

A fraction where the numerator, denominator, or both has a fraction
5 = 20
¾ 3

Front 27

Complex Number

Back 27

A number of the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is the square root of -1. Also called an imaginary number

Front 28

Concave polygon

Back 28

When a diagonal contains points outside the polygon.

Front 29

Congruent

Back 29

Objects that are the same size and the same shape. The symbol for congruent is an equal sign with a squiggle over it.

Front 30

Constant

Back 30

a value or number that never changes
5
-3.7

Front 31

Constant Term

Back 31

A term that has no variable factor. A number that stands alone
7x + 3
3 is the constant term

Front 32

Convex polygon

Back 32

No diagonal contains points outside the polygon

Front 33

Coordinate of a point

Back 33

On a number line, it is the distance of the point from the origin. On a coordinate axis is is the pair (x, y) that defines the location.

Front 34

Coordinate Plane

Back 34

Formed when two number lines intersect at right angles. The x-axis is the horizontal axis and the y-axis is the vertical axis. The two axes meet at the origin (0,0)

Front 35

Coplanar

Back 35

Points and lines that are in the same plane

Front 36

Corresponding parts

Back 36

Matching sides and angles in a polygon

Front 37

Coterminal Angles

Back 37

Two angles that share two sides in standard position. The sum of the absolute values of the angles adds to 360°.
150° and -210° are coterminal angles

Front 38

Cubic Equation

Back 38

An equation in the form
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = y, where a, b, c, and d are real numbers and a ≠ 0. Largest exponent is 3
2x3 + 3x2 -5x + 7 = y

Front 39

Delta Δ δ

Back 39

Greek letter frequently used to represent variables that change

Front 40

Dependent variable

Back 40

A variable that relies on the value of another variable
for y = x + 2, the value of y depends on the value of x

Front 41

Diameter

Back 41

In a circle, any segment that contains the center of the circle and has both endpoints on the circle.

Front 42

Difference of two squares

Back 42

A quadratic binomial of the form a2 - b2, it factors to
(a + b)(a - b)
Perfect square minus a perfect square
x2 - 9
4x2 - 25

Front 43

Direct variation

Back 43

A linear function of the form y = kx, where k ≠ 0
A straight line that passes through (0,0) with slope k
y = 5x
y = -2x

Front 44

Discrete Data

Back 44

Involves a count of data items. Things that can be counted.
heart beats in a minute, daily temperature at noon

Front 45

Distributive property

Back 45

For all real numbers a, b, and c:
a(b + c) = ab + ac
a(b - c) = ab - ac

Multiply everything inside the parenthesis by the thing in front of the parentheses

5(x + 2) = 5x + 10
4(x - 2) = 4x - 8

Front 46

Domain

Back 46

The set of all possible input values - the independent variable in a function. For functions in x and y, the possible x values are the domain.
For y = 2x + 6, the domain is all real numbers
For y = 7/x, the domain is all real numbers except 0 because you can't divide by zero

Front 47

Equiangular polygon

Back 47

A polygon where all the angles are congruent
All angles equal

Front 48

Equilateral polygon

Back 48

A polygon where all the sides are congruent
All sides equal

Front 49

Equilateral triangle

Back 49

A triangle where all the sides are congruent
All sides equal

Front 50

Even function

Back 50

A function graph whose axis of symmetry is the y-axis.
y = 5x2 + 2

Front 51

Exponent

Back 51

A raised number that represents repeated multiplication of a factor
34 = 3 • 3 • 3 • 3

Front 52

Expression

Back 52

Any combination of values and operations (no = sign)
4x2 + 2x

Front 53

Exterior angle

Back 53

In a polygon, the angle formed by a side and an extension of a side.

Front 54

Factoring

Back 54

Breaking a polynomial equation down into the product of several factors
y = x2 - 3x + 2 Original problem
y = (x - 2)(x - 1) Factored form

Front 55

Factorial !

Back 55

n! is the product of all the whole numbers from n down to 1 - used in probability
3! = 3• 2 • 1 = 6
4! = 4 • 3• 2 • 1 = 24

Front 56

Factors

Back 56

Whole numbers that are multiplied together to equal another number.
2 and 5 are the factors of 10 because 10 = 2 • 5

Front 57

Factored Form

Back 57

A polynomial written as the product of polynomials of lower degree
y = (x + 4)(x - 3) is the factored form of
y= x2 + x - 12

Front 58

Function

Back 58

A relation that assigns exactly one value of the dependent variable to each value of the independent variable. Rule that matches one input to only one answer
y = x + 5 is a function
if you pick x = 3 you get one answer, y = 8

Front 59

Function notation

Back 59

A function written using the symbol f(x) in place of y. Another name for a function, read f of x
f(x) = 2x + 3
y = 2x + 3

Front 60

Geometric Sequence

Back 60

A series of numbers where each consecutive number is the prior number times a constant called the common ration.
¼, ½, 1, 2, 4, 8, ...
has a common ratio of 2 - each number is 2 times the one before

Front 61

Greatest common factor GCF

Back 61

The largest number that is a factor of two or more whole numbers.
7 is the GCF of 14 and 21

Front 62

Histogram

Back 62

A bar graph that shows the frequency of data. The height of each bar shows the number of items in each interval

Front 63

Hyperbola

Back 63

A set of points that are equidistant from a foci. The graph looks a lot like two parabolas on their side.

Front 64

Hypotenuse

Back 64

In a right triangle, the side opposite the right angle. The longest side in a right triangle

Front 65

Identity

Back 65

An equation that is true for every value of the variable
An equation that is true for every value of the variable
x + 1 = 1 + x

Front 66

Identity Property of Addition

Back 66

The sum of any number and zero is that number
Anything + 0 = Itself
a + 0 = a

Front 67

Identity Property of Multiplication

Back 67

The product of any number and one is that number
Anything x 1 = Itself
a • 1 = a

Front 68

Imaginary Number

Back 68

A number of the form a + bi, where i is the square root of -1 and i2 = -1
√(-4) = 2i

Front 69

Improper fraction

Back 69

A fraction where the numerator is larger than the denominator. In arithmetic, you are trained to change these to a mixed number. In Algebra, you should leave it alone.
7 = 1 ¾
4
improper mixed

Front 70

Independent Events

Back 70

In probability, when the outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of a second event, the events are independent

Front 71

Independent Variable

Back 71

A variable that does not depend on another variable.
The input variable
For y = x + 3
x is independent

Front 72

Inductive Reasoning

Back 72

A method used to reach conclusions based on an observed pattern.
For the pattern 2, 4, 6, 8 you can induce that since they are all even numbers, the next number must be 10

Front 73

Inequality

Back 73

One expression that is not equal to another
x > 7 means x is greater than 7
-2 < x means negative 2 is less than x
4 < x means x is 4 or bigger

Front 74

Integer

Back 74

The whole numbers and their opposites
... - 3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...

Front 75

Intersect

Back 75

Lines intersect when they cross. The point where they cross is called the intersection.

Front 76

Interval

Back 76

A portion of the real number line that may or may not include the end points. The ends of the interval are called the boundaries.

Front 77

Interval notation

Back 77

A short way to define an interval. Brackets [ are used if the end point is part of the interval. Parentheses ( means the end point is not included in the interval.
[3, 5) means
3 < x 5

Front 78

Inverse Operation

Back 78

Operations that undo each other - they are opposite operations
addition and subtraction are inverses
multiplication and division are inverses

Front 79

Inverse Variation

Back 79

A function that can be written in the form xy = k or y = k/x
As one variable gets bigger, the other gets smaller

Front 80

Irrational number

Back 80

A number that cannot be written as a fraction.
A decimal that does not truncate (end) or repeat.
π = 3.14159...
√7 = 2.6457...

Front 81

Isometric drawing

Back 81

The drawing of a three-dimensional object that shows the corners.

Front 82

Isosceles trapezoid

Back 82

A trapezoid whose nonparallel sides are congruent

Front 83

Isosceles triangle

Back 83

A triangle where at least two sides are congruent
Two or more sides equal

Front 84

Kite

Back 84

A parallelogram with two pairs of adjacent sides congruent and no opposite sides congruent

Front 85

Like terms

Back 85

Terms with exactly the same variable factors
6y and -3y are like terms
2ab and 5ab are like terms

Front 86

Line

Back 86

A series of points that extends forever in two directions. A line is uniquely defined if you know two points on the line.

Front 87

Line graph

Back 87

A graph that has data points connected by lines

Front 88

Line of best fit

Back 88

The trend line that most closely matches your data points on a scatter plot.

Front 89

Line segment

Back 89

Part of a line consisting of two endpoints and all the points between them.

Front 90

Linear

Back 90

Something that graphs as a straight line, may be an equation or a term within an equation.
y = 3x - 2 is a line

Front 91

Linear equation

Back 91

An equation with one variable- no exponents
7 = 2x - 3

Front 92

Linear function

Back 92

A function that graphs as a straight line. Its form is usually y = mx + b where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept. An alternate form is Ax + By = C

y = 2x - 3
or
2x - y = 3

Front 93

Matrix

Back 93

A rectangular arrangement of numbers, it uses big brackets to define the matrix. The size of a matrix is # of rows by the # of columns.

Front 94

Maximum value

Back 94

The largest value a function can reach.
for y = - x2 + 2 the maximum value is 2

Front 95

Midpoint

Back 95

The point that divides a line into two equal pieces. For the line with end points at A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2), the midpoint is located at:
x1 + x2 , y1 + y2
2 2

The midpoint of a line with ends at (2,5) and (4,7) is at (3,6)

Front 96

Minimum value

Back 96

The smallest value a function can reach.
for y = x2 + 5 the minimum value is 5

Front 97

Mode

Back 97

The data item that occurs most frequently in a set of numbers. A set may have more than one mode.
for 1, 3, 4, 6 and 6
the mode is 6

Front 98

Multiplicative inverse

Back 98

Two numbers that multiply to equal one
Reciprocal
inverse of a fraction is the fraction turned upside down
½ and 2 are inverses because ½ • 2 = 1

Front 99

Multiplication counting principle

Back 99

If there are m ways to make a first selection and n ways to make a second selection, then there are m x n ways to make the two selections.
If there are 3 kinds of crust and 6 kinds of topping, then there are 3 x 6 = 18 different pizza choices

Front 100

Natural number

Back 100

The counting numbers - the first numbers learned by very small children
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...

Front 101

Negative angle

Back 101

An angle formed by a clockwise rotation around the vertex.

Front 102

Negative square root

Back 102

- √
- √25 = - 5 is the negative square root of 25

Front 103

Normal distribution

Back 103

A statistical frequency distribution that graphs in the shape of a bell curve

Front 104

Oblique triangle

Back 104

Any triangle that is not a right triangle

Front 105

Observational data

Back 105

In statistics, data that is from seeing something happen or asking someone (doing a survey) about what happened.

Front 106

Obtuse angle

Back 106

An angle that measures between 90 and 180 degrees
90° < x < 180°

Front 107

Obtuse triangle

Back 107

A triangle with one obtuse angle
One angle bigger than 90°

Front 108

Odd Function

Back 108

A function graph whose axis of symmetry is both the x-axis and the y-axis. It must pass through the origin.

Front 109

One-to-one function

Back 109

A function where the range elements (the y's) are used only once.
y = 2x + 3 is one-to-one

Front 110

Open interval

Back 110

An interval that does not include the endpoints
(-4, 5) is the interval between -4 and 5

Front 111

Opposite rays

Back 111

Two collinear rays that share the same endpoint and together form a straight line

Front 112

Order of operations

Back 112

do any operation inside grouping symbols, like parentheses, absolute values, square root signs or the numerator or denominator of a complex fraction
simplify terms with exponents
multiply and divide in order from left to right
add and subtract in order from left to right
PEMDAS

Front 113

Ordered numbers

Back 113

Numbers that are arranged in order from smallest to largest or from largest to smallest
5 < 7 < 8.5
6 > 2 > -1

Front 114

Ordered pair

Back 114

The location of a point on a coordinate axis
(6, -1) is a point 6 units to the right and 1 unit down from the origin

Front 115

Origin

Back 115

(0, 0)

The place where the x axis and y axis intersect in a coordinate plane

Front 116

Orthogonal vectors

Back 116

Vectors that are perpendicular, meaning the angle between the two vectors is 90°

Front 117

Orthographic drawing

Back 117

A drawing that represents a three dimensional object by showing separate drawings for the front, top and right side views

Front 118

Parabola

Back 118

The curved shape you get when you graph a quadratic function

Front 119

Parallel lines

Back 119

Lines that are always the same distance apart, they never cross. Lines that have the same slope
y = 3x + 1 and y = 3x - 5 are parallel because they both have slope = 3

Front 120

Parallelogram

Back 120

A quadrilateral where the opposite sides are parallel
Rectangles, squares, and diamonds are parallelograms

Front 121

Pascal's Triangle

Back 121

A pattern for finding the coefficients of the terms in a binomial expansion. It is also used in probability.

1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1

Front 122

Perfect squares

Back 122

Numbers whose square roots are rational numbers
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, and 49 are perfect squares
¼ is also a perfect square

Front 123

Perpendicular bisector

Back 123

A line, segment, or ray that is perpendicular to the original segment at its midpoint

Front 124

Perpendicular lines

Back 124

Lines that cross at right angles. The product of the slopes is -1.
y = 2x + 1 and y = -½x - 5 are perpendicular because 2 • (-½) = -1

Front 125

Plane

Back 125

A flat surface that extends forever in all directions. Planes have no thickness.

Front 126

Point

Back 126

A location in space that has no size. Any point can be uniquely identified by a set of coordinates (x, y).

Front 127

Polynomial

Back 127

A statement with one or more terms - poly means many

5x2, -72, and 3x2 + 2x - 1 are polynomials

Front 128

Position vector

Back 128

A vector with its initial point at the origin

Front 129

Positive angle

Back 129

An angle formed by counter clockwise rotation about its endpoint.

Front 130

Proportion

Back 130

A statement that two ratios are equal - two fractions that are equal

1 = 3
5 15

Front 131

Pure imaginary number

Back 131

A complex number a + bi, where a = 0 and b is not zero

Front 132

Pythagorean theorem

Back 132

In a right triangle, the sum of the squares of the lengths of the two sides (legs a and b) is equal to the square of the length of the hypotenuse (c)

a2 + b2 = c2

Front 133

Quadrants

Back 133

The coordinate x-y plane is divided into four quadrants by the x axis and y axis. Quad means four. The quadrants are usually labeled with roman numerals.

Front 134

Quadratic equation

Back 134

An equation written in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0
The largest exponent is 2
2x2 - 3x + 4 = 0

Front 135

Quadratic formula

Back 135

if ax2 + bx + c = 0 and a ≠ 0, then
x = -b ± √(b2 - 4ac)

2a

Front 136

Quadratic function

Back 136

A function with an equation written in the form y = ax2 + bx + c where a ≠ 0
Graph as a parabola - the largest exponent is 2

y = 2x2 - 3x + 4

Front 137

Quadrilateral

Back 137

A geometric figure with four sides and four angles
A rectangle is quadrilateral

Front 138

Radian

Back 138

A unit of measure for angles, used in trigonometry, calculus, and advanced math and physics.
1 radian = 180°

Front 139

Radical

Back 139

A square root sign or any other root, like a cube root or fourth root
√5

Front 140

Radius

Back 140

In a circle, any segment that has one endpoint at the center of the circle and the other endpoint on the circle

Front 141

Range

Back 141

The set of all possible output values of a function - the dependant variable. For functions in x and y, the possible y values are the range.
for y = |x| the range is all positive numbers and 0

Front 142

Ratio

Back 142

Comparing two numbers by division
A fraction
¾ and 3:4

Front 143

Rational expression

Back 143

An expression with fractions, especially when there is a variable in the denominator. The variable can not make the denominator equal to zero

Front 144

Rational number

Back 144

A number that can be written as a fraction. This includes whole numbers, fractions, and decimals that truncate (end) or repeat.
½, ¾, 2.5 and -3 are rational

Front 145

Rationalize the denominator

Back 145

Make the denominator of a fraction a rational number without changing the value of the expression
Get rid of any √ signs in the denominator
3 = 3√5
√5 5

Front 146

Ray

Back 146

The part of a line consisting of one endpoint and all the points extending forever in one direction

Front 147

Real number

Back 147

A number that is either rational or irrational. All numbers except imaginary numbers

√5, ½, ¾, 2.5, 0, π and -3 are real numbers

Front 148

Reciprocal

Back 148

Multiplicative inverse of a nonzero number. The product of a number and its reciprocal is 1.
To get the reciprocal;
Flip it!

2 and 3
3 2

are reciprocals because
2 • 3 = 1
3 2

Front 149

Regular polygon

Back 149

A polygon that is both equilateral and equiangular.

Front 150

Relation

Back 150

Any set of ordered pairs

Front 151

Relationship symbols

Back 151

Symbols that compare two numbers. This includes the equal sign.

5 < 7
-2 > -8

Front 152

Remote interior angles

Back 152

For each exterior angle of a triangle, the two non-adjacent angles

Front 153

Rhombus

Back 153

A parallelogram with four congruent sides
A diamond is a rhombus

Front 154

Right Triangle

Back 154

A triangle that has one 90° angle. The other two angles will add up to 90°

Front 155

Sanple Space

Back 155

In probability, all the possible ways that an event can happen.

Front 156

Scalar

Back 156

A quantity that represents a magnitude. It can be represented by a real number.

Front 157

Scalene triangle

Back 157

A triangle with no sides congruent. All sides are different length

Front 158

Scatter plot

Back 158

A graph that relates ordered sets of data. Scatter plots frequently have dots or x's

Front 159

Scientific Notation

Back 159

A number expressed in the form a x 10n where n is an integer and 1 < a < 10. For a number between 0 and 1, the exponent n will be a negative.

3450 = 3.45 x 103
0.052 = 5.2 x 10-2

Front 160

Sector of a circle

Back 160

The portion of the interior of a circle intercepted by a central angle. Like a piece of a round pie

Front 161

Segment

Back 161

Part of a line consisting of two endpoints and all the points between them

Front 162

Semicircle

Back 162

Exactly half a circle

Front 163

Skew lines

Back 163

Two lines that are not in the same plane. They do not intersect and they are not parallel.

Front 164

Slope

Back 164

The measure of the steepness of a line. Slope is the change in y (up and down) divided by the change in x (left and right).
Slope is abbreviated m.

slope = m = Δy
Δx

Front 165

Slope-Intercept form

Back 165

A linear equation written in the form y = mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept

y = 2x + 4

Front 166

Solution set

Back 166

The set of all numbers that satisfy an equation (make it true).

Front 167

Standard Form of a Polynomial

Back 167

When the degree of the terms in a polynomial decrease from left to right.
5x3 + 3x2 - x + 8

Front 168

Straight angle

Back 168

An angle that measures 180°, a straight line.
x = 180°

Front 169

Supplementary angles

Back 169

Two positive angles whose measures add to 180 degrees, a straight line.
A + B = 180°

Front 170

System of Linear Equations

Back 170

Two or more linear equations for which a common solution is sought.
The solution is where the two lines cross when graphed.

Front 171

Tangent

Back 171

The ratio of the length of the side opposite an angle and the side adjacent to the angle in a right triangle. side opposite divided by side adjacent

Front 172

Term

Back 172

A grouping together of one or more factors (variables and/or number).
Multiplication or division connects letters to numbers in a term. Addition and subtraction symbols separate terms.

4xy is one term

3xy + 5x – 6
has three terms

Front 173

Theoretical Probability

Back 173

The calculated chance that something will happen based on the number of ways possible.
in tossing a coin, the theoretical probability of getting heads is:
P(heads) = ½

Front 174

Translation

Back 174

When a graph is shifted in a horizontal or vertical direction.

Front 175

Trapezoid

Back 175

A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides. Two sides are parallel, other sides are not.

Front 176

Trend Line

Back 176

A line on a scatter plot that can be drawn to pass through the points. The trend line shows the correlation between the two sets of data.

Front 177

Unit Circle

Back 177

A circle with a radius r = 1 and its center is at the origin. The equation is x2 + y2 = 1

Front 178

Unknown

Back 178

The value represented by a letter in an equation. The unknown is also called the variable.

Front 179

Unbounded intervals

Back 179

Intervals with end points at + ∞ on the real number line used to define the domain of an inequality. See bounded intervals
[a,∞) means x > a
(a,∞) means x > a, an open interval
(-∞,b] means x < b
(-∞,b) means x < b, an open interval
(-∞,∞) means the entire number line

Front 180

Variable

Back 180

A letter that is used to represent a number. When a variable is used in an equation, the value of the variable can be solved for and its value becomes the solution to the equation.
x
a
z

Front 181

Variable expression

Back 181

A mathematical phrase that contains at least one variable
8 - x is a variable expression

Front 182

Vertex

Back 182

The point on a parabola where the arch turns. If the parabola opens up, the vertex is the smallest value of the function.

Front 183

Vertical angles

Back 183

Two angles whose sides are opposite rays

Front 184

Vertical line test

Back 184

A method used to determine if the graph of a relation is a function. For all functions, a vertical line will never cross the graph more than once.

Front 185

Whole Number

Back 185

The non-negative integers including zero
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...

Front 186

x-axis

Back 186

The horizontal axis of the coordinate plane

Front 187

x-coordinate

Back 187

The first number in an ordered pair. It indicates the distance left or right horizontally from the origin.
(5, 3)
5 is the x-coordinate

Front 188

x-intercept

Back 188

The x-coordinate of the point where a line crosses the x-axis
The x-intercept of
y = 2x + 4 is 4

Front 189

y-axis

Back 189

The vertical axis of the coordinate plane

Front 190

y-coordinate

Back 190

The second number in an ordered pair. It indicates the distance up or down vertically from the origin.
(5, 3)
3 is the y-coordinate

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y-intercept

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The y-coordinate of the point where a line crosses the y-axis
The y-intercept of
y = 2x + 4 is -2

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Zero Product Property

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For any two real numbers multiplied together so the answer is zero, at least one of the numbers multiplied must be zero. Used when factoring to solve an equation.
If ab = 0, a or b or both must equal zero

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Arithmetic Mean

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The most commonly used type of average. To find the arithmetic mean of a set of n numbers, add the numbers in the set and divide the sum by n.

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Prime Number

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Prime Number

A positive integer which has only 1 and the number itself as factors. For example, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, etc. are all primes. By convention, the number 1 is not prime.

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Composite Number

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A positive integer that has factors other than just 1 and the number itself. For example, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, etc. are all composite numbers. The number 1 is not composite.

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Circumference

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A complete circular arc. Circumference also means the distance around the the outside of a circle.

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FOIL Method

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A technique for distributing two binomials. The letters FOIL stand for First, Outer, Inner, Last. First means multiply the terms which occur first in each binomial. Then Outer means multiply the outermost terms in the product. Inner means multiply the innermost two terms. Last means multiply the terms which occur last in each binomial. Then simplify the products and combine any like terms which may occur.
Example: (x + 2)(x + 5) = x·x + x·5 + 2·x + 2·5
First Outer Inner Last

= x2 + 7x + 10

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Linear System of Equations

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A system of equations in which each equation is linear.

For any linear system, exactly one of the following will be true: There is only one solution, there are infinitely may solutions (underdetermined), or there are no solutions (overdetermined or inconsistent).