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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Shari'a
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Religious Law that covers rituals, contracts (including marriage). Doesn't include political/state law
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Tafsir
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Exegesis of the Qur'an. A critical explanation, study, and memory of the Qur'an, sura by sura. Some theological or mystical commentary.
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Sunna
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Path. Traditional social & legal custom & practice of Islam. Second only to Qur'an & recorded by Muhammad's companions.
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Dar al Islam (& opposite)?
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The domain of Islam where it is the authority. Opposite is Dar al-Harb (Realm of War), & intermediate is Dar al-Solh.
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zakat
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Charity (Purification, growth)- Thrid pillar of Islam. Sunni (2.5%); Shi'i (20%). Do what you can.
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Hajj
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Pilgrimage to Mecca. 5th Pillar of Islam. Muslim males perform rites & perform rites at Mecca & Medina. 12th month of Islamic year so it changes every year.
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mehrab/mihrab
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Semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla, or the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca
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shahada
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Bearing witness; declaration of Faith. The 1st Pillar of Islam. Only purpose of life is to serve & obey God.
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Benjamin of Tudela
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Famous Spanish Jew traveller from 12th century. Focused on Jewish society & political history (Constantinople and Levant) from a 13 year jorney in Spain.
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Abu Rayhan al-Biruni
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Author of India travelogue, Muslim scholar & polymath in Sultan Mahmud's court in Ghazna. Info on India, languages & Hindu society.
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Ibn Batuta/ Ibn Battutah
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Moorish traveler of 1304 in Africa, Asia & the Middle East. Only spoke Arabic so Persian travels may not be accurate. Genre is rihla (quest for sake of divine knowledge)
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al-Muqaddasi
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Muslim geographer, of the world of Islam. Died in 10th century. Breaks world into Arab/Dar al-Islam (6 provinces) & non-Arab (8 provinces)
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Naser/Nasir
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(1004-1078 CE), Court Persian poet, Isma'ili scholar to Ghaznavid sultan. Wrote about Egypt, Cairo, & Persian literature. Wrote Safarnama (Book of Travels)
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ash'arism
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Predetermination of Allah; everything is willed by Allah. This theology was followed by al-Ghazzali's (Deliverance from Error) teacher al-Juwayni. God is beyond human reason.
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Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazzali
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(1058-1111 CE), Most important figure in Sunni Islam; considered Mujaddid. Wrote "Deliverance from Error"
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madrasa
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late 10th early 11th century. "Place of Study." A school of law funded by waqf. Unresolvable convos about the Qur'an and Sunna.
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4 major Sunni Schools (madhhab)
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Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali
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mosque
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hypostyle (columed with central courtyard), Iwan (4 large archways in central Asia & Persia), and Ottoman Turkish style (central dome w/pillars) Friday prayers (jama), surrounding buildins are "kulliye"
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mujaddid
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"renewer of faith" in Sunni Islam defined by famous Hadith that comes every 500 or 1,000 years. Ex: al-Ghazali (died ~500AH)
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Umar Omar Khayyam
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Persian mathemetician, philosopher & poet popular in Iran. Wrote about drinking wine, youth and lack of an afterlife.
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Ibn Sina/ Avicenna (in the West)
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(980-1037) Persian philosopher & physician/vizier for sultans & nobles. Liked aristotle & medicine -> logic -> science. Died of an STD.
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ijaza
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"to make lawful." A college degree of Sunni practice that grants permission to translate education of Islam. One issues fatwa & one teaches law.
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al-Ma'arri
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(973-1057) Muslim "freethinker," rationalist, vegetarian & other practices might be considered rational non-Islam. Said it was forgery.
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Dede Korkut
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narrator who links together stores from pre-Islamic Turkic society. One was about Bugach Khan son of Dirse who framed was framed by his enemies & beat them with help from his mother & save his father. Themes of trust & listening to leaders/being misled.
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Ferdowsi
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(940-1010 CE). Shia'a Muslim and Author of the Book of Kings (Shahnameh). Dedicated to the work of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna).
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Shahnameh
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Book of Kings - Persian national epic/poem with 60,000 couplets. Written by Ferdowsi from Iranian oral tradition. Questioned kings' legitimacy.
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Rostam
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Iranian hero in Shahnameh. He ends up killing hs son Sohrab who he doesn't meet until the end because he is too proud to reveal his identity, then he is sad.
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Bayhaqi
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(995-1077) secretary in chancellery of Ghaznavid court. Wrote history of Ghaznavid history & execution of Hasanak & First Seljuk Occupation of Nishapur (power discussion). Important role of Iranian a'yan.
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Ibn Khaldun
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(1332-1406). Arab historian & founding father of sociology. Wrote Muquaddima and Kitab al-'Ibar. Met with Timur (Turkic-Mongul conquerer). Importance of understanding role in commmunity.
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Kalila & Dimna
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Tale of worrying against scheming counselors, weak leadrs, and betrayal by "friends." Importance of knowledge/learning and wisdom for a good leader. Story of Lion & Ox; Monkey & Tortoise, & Ass with no hear & ears. Book of Fables.
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al-Mu'ayyad fi al-Din Shirazi
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Missionary for Shi'ite Islam (Isma'ilism) championed by Fatmid dynasty of Egypt (10-12th c). Pious, doesn't fear death & sultan. Talked out of being exiled and assassinated b/c judged for heresy & escaped Shiraz with cleverness.
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al-Mutanabbi
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10th century Arab poet who wrote on Dar al-Islam (Shi'i), wrote poems in exchange for gifts & money. Under Sayf al-Dawla for his fame.
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Nizam al-Mulk
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(1018-1092) Persian scholar/vizier of Seljuk empire under Alp Arslan & Malik Shah. Established nizamiyya. Assasinated by Nizari Ismailis.
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nizamiyya
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madrasas under Nizam al-Mulk founded in Seljuk empire. Revival of Sunni Islam.
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Nizari Ismaili (Assassins)
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Shia Islam that believes of continuing Prophet Muhammad lineage through Imams. Religious guides to interpret Qur'an/hadith/sunna. Called heretics by Sunni. Founded Fatimid dynasty.
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Busbecq
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1554-1562. Hapsburg Ambassador. wrote "Portrait of Sultan Sulayman I" to scare Europeans into having more social & military good stuff so Turks dont destroy them. Glorified Turks.
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Evliya Chelebi
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(1611-1685) from Istanbul, was Sultan Murad IV's "boon companion", & tax collector, Qur'an reciter & iman. Wrote "Book of Travels" of Ottoman world in 17th century. Wrote on Melek Ahmed & Ipshir Pasha.
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Mustafa Ali
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(1541-1600); Ottoman historian; "Counself for Sultans" to choose good viziers.
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Osman Ghazi
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(1281-1324) Founder of Ottoman dynasty, dream, feigned friendships. Conquered Karaca Hisar, Bilecik, Yar Hisar, Inegol, Yenishehir & Adranoz fortress. Son Orhan Ghazi conquered Bursa.
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Sultan Suleyman
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(1520-1566); Leader of Sunni Islamic world, wife was Roxelana. Conquered Belgrade, most of Hungary, Safavids, Muslim Cities, Balkans & North Africa. Alliance with France. Poet & had Chief architect Mimar Sinan build mosques & other artistic developments.
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Shaykh Ahmad Shirhindi
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late 16th century Sufi, opposes Mughal emporer Akbar, rejects "Unity of Being" liked "Unity of Appearance"
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Akbar
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late 16th c. Mughal's greatest Sufi ruler. Hindu-Muslim. Removed religious penalties so people could freely convert. Dislikes slavery, child marraige, no taxes & is charitable.
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Baha'u'llah
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1850s; started baha'i: equality, universal religion, no oppression. Imprisoned in Tehran -> Bagdad -> Istanbul -> Edirne -> exiled more. Babism.
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Shah Ismail
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(1487-1524) Founder of Safavid dynasty. Convered Iran from Sunni to Shi'ite. Thought he was divine & wrote poems (influenced by Persia) about it. WAs defeated by Ottomans due to gunpowder.
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Wahhabism
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18th c. conservative Salafism: return to traditonal Qur'an & Sunna. Innovation, not regression. Founder was Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Emphasizes divine unity (tawhid) & Itjihad (interpretation). No saint worship. Fought with Ottomans for Mecca.
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Ibn Taymiyya
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(1263-1328) Proponent of Hanbalism, rejected everything not Qur'an & Sunna of Prophet. Killed Christian who insulted Islam. Rejected Ghazan Kahn's conversion & declared jihad against Monguls.
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Ismailis
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Shi'ism. Oneness of God & divine revelation with Muhammad. Mystical path & nature of god with "Imam of Time"->manifestation of truth
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Katib chelebi
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(1609-1658) Wrote against Mehmed Efendi. Anti-fundamentalist, very liberal & tolerant. Discusses banning tobbacco for its bad causes & coffee.
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Shah Wali Allah of Dehli
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18th c. Muslim scholar in India. Root cause of downfall of Indian muslims was ignorance of Qur'an. Contributed to intellecutal, socioeconomic-political life. Saught human felicity.
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Mimar Sinan
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Chief Ottoman Architect for Sultan Suleyman, Selim II, & Murad II. Built Suleymaniye & Selimiye Mosques. Helped build Taj Mahal.
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futuwwah orders
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Sufi term for "chivalry". Silsa" mostly-fictional leadership succession running back to Ali. Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir encouraged their formation. More lodges.
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Suhrawardi, Abu Najib
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(1097-1168) Sunni Persian Suffi who founded Suhrawardiyya Sufi order. Studied law in Baghdad, gathered disciples. Strictly Sunni & guided by Shafi'i school. "conservative "new piety"" in Baghdad mostly.
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tariqah
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One of 3 Sufi paths/orders. Of spirituality (experience). Quest for religious knowledge & practical path to self transformation & purification. "tasting" & ultimate reality.
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hallaj
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Wrote "Iblis as Tragic Lover" about devil not bowing to Adam b/c he felt love for God & pride? Metaphysical, personal/mystical, lyrical, divine mystical union. "I am the Real". Accused of reincarnate beliefs. Studied under Tustari & Junayid after pilgrimage.
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khanaqah
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A sufi lodge similar to madrasa in hierarchy & waqf funding. Shayk/Pir/Murshid. Hostel, library, hospital, etc.
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Layli & Majnun (Nezami)
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12th c. Persian poet who collected poems. wrote this story about love +/-? Pride or not? True love or not?
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Suhravardi
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Hal: state of being. Knowledge of God, fulfillment of spiritual state, concentration of religious ambition (not on gains from knowledge). Nafs are the lower soul. Voluntary poverty for devotion & learning through companionship.
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Masnavi
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by Mowlana Jala al-Din Rumi. Includes Qur'an verses, understanding of the world is imperfect b/c of partial intellect. Love is element of creation. Fear is a human trait, not a divine attribute.
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Shams-e Tabrizi
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Close to Mowlana Rumi & inspired him to write poety & perform sama. Might be fake.
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Prophet Muhammad
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born 570 C.E., 610 first revelation of Qur'an. night Journey to Jerusalem. Moved to Medina, muslims conquered Mecca in 630.
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a'yan-amir system
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system of rule in Islamic world to enforce shurta - political/$ policies (stuff not in Qur'an). Califs, Sultans/Shahs, governors, local nobles, military. Harem politics is a tension.
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hadith
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Important boof after Qur'an. Collection of teachings of Prophet Muhammad, based on oral reports from his companions. Sayings require justification.
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khan/caravanserai
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like YMCA, places where travelers could stay in 11th century. Student dorms, etc.
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Rumi / Mowlana Jalal al-Din
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13th century Persian Poet, Sufi mystic & Islamic scholar. His guide was Shams who might have been fake. Wrote Masnavi and Divan-e Shams for mystical path.
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Seljuks
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al-Ghazzali (Sunni synthesis/circle of justice in society) & advancement of Madrasa for higher education. Effective military leaders and had Diwan bureaucracy administers.
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Great Seljuk Period
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1040-1157; founded after Ghaznavid dynasty defeated. Art influential from Syria to India, established common language. Next was Anatolian Seljuk Empire.
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Anatolian Seljuk Empire
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(1075-1308); Established by Atabeylik by Turkish emirs. Defeated by Mongolian invasion & became Mongolian. Stone materials & glazed brick, ceramics etc.
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