Middle Ages Final

Front 1

what are the four bodily humors that make up the body that must be in balance?

Back 1

blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile

Front 2

hospes

Back 2

o Emerge as ecclesiastical institutions that provide for pilgrimages
o At first they are completely about providing hospitality for pilgrims
o As the middle ages progress, then hospitals progress
o Sacred obligation to provide comfort for pilgrims: temporal relief, foundlings could be sent to hospitals, homes for converted jews who converted to Christianity, places for unwed mothers
o The church was providing funds for these hospes

Front 3

why did people get sick?

Back 3

sinning, predispositions, natural degeneration of the body

Front 4

leprocy

Back 4

o One of the most feared and difficult diseases to understand in the middle ages
o After the first crusades there was an explosion of leprosy
o Religious, social, legal and political restrictions that go along with it
o Saint francis and jesus going to the lepers and healing them,
o Many lepers wiped out after the black death

Front 5

lent of removal

Back 5

o Dug a hole and you had to stand in that hole, they gave you last rights and you were declared dead- lost property, children, spouse, standing over the community
o They poured dirt on your head and you were pronounced dead
o You wore a clapper or bell so that you could let people know that you were coming
o You were completely removed from human society
o Lived on the outskirts of town and no one would come near you
o Everything is taken away from you and you were literally decared dead

Front 6

• Leper house:

Back 6

o Run by the church
o They were leparzariums
o They took care of the lepers
o Places that were able to cure for lepers
o 200 in england, 10,000 in Europe before the black death

Front 7

black plague

Back 7

o Starts 1348, strikes every ten years until 18th century
o 1930’s: figured how to cute plague
o Mortality 30-60%
o Two diseases: bubonic plague, numonic plague -> black death
o Yersina pestis
o Swelling in lymph nodes, high fever, death in about four days
o Spreads along the silk road to Constantinople
o Hits the port cities first, then works inland across southern France and the Iberian peninsula

Front 8

bubonic plague

Back 8

o Flea bites rat, rat bites human

Front 9

numonic plague

Back 9

o Human to human: spread through respiration

Front 10

what is necessary to create the routes of a national state?

Back 10

definition of borders, creation of a currency, powerful central government, national language, central authority to raise an army, be able to have power over the church, an arrestive aristocracy, ability to tax

Front 11

• Reasons behind black plague:

Back 11

o Natural reasons
o Christians blame jews: malefactors, thought that jews poisoned wells, they were blamed, tortured & imprisoned
o God caused this because he was angry
o Miasma: swampy air that caused the spread of the black death

Front 12

• People’s behaviors during black death:

Back 12

o People became extremely pious
o Extreme libertine behavior
o Flaggelant movement
o Dance of death

Front 13

• Dance of death:

Back 13

o The idea that anyone could be taken away during the dance of death
o Live motifs and death motifs
o Death could strike at any moment and death was anywhere at anytime
o Ars moriendi: series of books about how make a good death (how to die well), create an artistic motif of death because the culture becomes so fixated to death

Front 14

• Upside to black death:

Back 14

o Good things for peasants: demand wages, prosper off people’s deaths
o Remake Europe
o Death of feudal system
o Changing the way Europe is constructed

Front 15

• Jacquerie:

Back 15

o 1358 revolt 1
o peasant uprising after the esates general meets, started with 100 of them and they would kill the husbands & families, very violent with no goal
o uprising in the countryside, they blame the aristocracy for John the Good’s capture
o complete failure as a political program bc they had no demands
o they don’t know what they are doing and why thy are mad
o at the end, the dauphin and aristocracy wind up in control of things
o complete failure: no demands, no aim in disrupting the social order

Front 16

• Etienne Marcel:

Back 16

o Known leader who tried to harness the jacquieri
o The member of the French bourgeoisie in Paris and he thinks that he can use the Jacqueri movement to increase his powers
o Ends up getting executed

Front 17

• Revolt of the Ciompi:

Back 17

o 1378
o revolt reflective of a class system and commercial revolution
o ciompi: being a wool carter job as processing wool
o fight among these various groups: signory (lord, aristocracy), popolo grosso (are going to want power and they are bankers and high wealthy merchants who want to get rid of the signory), real series of class tensions; popolo minute= guildsmen
o revolt against signory and popolo grosso, ciompi kick signory out of Florence
o popolo minute are in charge, ask for equitable taxation, right to organize, and equitable representative government: asking for things that have a degree of political consciousness, succeed in kicking out signory and taking power for about a month
o the medici raise an army and kill out the ciompi, aristocracy comes back
o representative of a world that is collapsing, great significance is that it challenges political structure even though it was not successful

Front 18

• statue of laborers:

Back 18

o 1351
o to make wages and prices remain at pre plague level
o attempt to say that the plague never happened

Front 19

• england peasant revolt:

Back 19

o John the Gaunt taxes the peasants to pay for the 100 years war
o 1381: series of peasant uprisings not accepting this tax- they are paying taxes on top of labor obligations, rent owed to the lord and to the tax collector
o march toward London and on the way they are killing people and doing things like the Jacqueri
o three leaders: wat tyler, john ball, jack straw
o Richard II meets with Tyler and Ball to discuss their demands
o Demands: 1. End to serfdom, more power to the house of the commons, 3. Equality of rent 4. Ability to elect the archbishop of cantebury: politically sophisticated demands, asking for too much
o King’s army kills the leaders for treason
o Proves that peasants during this time do not have the mental horizon and this mental horizon only exists in the three leaders of the revolt and in the ciompi revot

Front 20

• Roman law:

Back 20

o Very definitional: very specific, focuses on strict concepts of logic and common experience
o Completely secular
o A 1000 year tradition
o Mainly about property, person, things, actions,
o A highly specific set of vocabulary
o Jus civile vs. jus natural
o Belonged to the lawyers: needed education and how to be trained in rhetoric

Front 21

• Jus Civile:

Back 21

o Civil law that develops civil concepts

Front 22

• Jus gentium:

Back 22

o The law amongst people in a multicultural world they were in
o One million square miles, 1/5 people were part of the roman empire
o A law that applied to various nations

Front 23

• Jus natural:

Back 23

o Natural law
o In terms of the enlightenment understanding of natural law
o Leads us to believe that the Roman empire was high sophisticated!

Front 24

• Codex Justinian:

Back 24

o By the time we get to the 6th century in Byzantium, the Roman laws are going to be collected by Justinian and compiled into this
o The most completely and sophisticated coalition of laws in Europe until the modern period

Front 25

• Germanic Law:

Back 25

o Ordeal formula
o Derived from pagan people: a central element of religiosity about it
o No lawyers
o Prove guilt through ordeal: ex. Cold water test, glowing iron
o Had a very specific set of punishments that often were very harsh, just a financial penalty usually- no real justice?
o Wouldn’t go through ordeal if there was an eye witness account or if central knowledge
o Compurgation: you swear it and 12 other people swear it- the idea of a jury trial
o Tremendously unsophisticated, spiritual

Front 26

• Manorial law:

Back 26

o Economic, case by case basis- not very structural
o 900-1200 when manorialsm is at its peak
o justice that is being dispensed is localized by shire reeve

Front 27

• shire reeve:

Back 27

o the local lord who hears about the individual cases in manorial law and they set punishments that sound like penance

Front 28

• canon law:

Back 28

law of the church

Front 29

• civil law:

Back 29

o kings want civil law to succeed

Front 30

• benefit of the clergy:

Back 30

o if you are a clergy member and commit a crime, you get tried in canon law and not the civil war
o the notion that in canon law they don’t give out the death penalty
o to prove you were in the clergy, you had to recite part of the bible

Front 31

• Decretals:

Back 31

o Written by Gratian, a cleric
o The codex Justinian for canon law

Front 32

• Inquisition:

Back 32

o Happens as a result of a huge increase in heretical movements in Europe by the 12th-13th centuries
o To be a Christian during this time period was to believe in all of the dogma that was so much a part of Christian tradition
o You had to believe in: 1. Trinity, 2. Fall of man 3. Creation

Front 33

• Syncretic heresy:

Back 33

o Manichean heresy in the 4th and 5th centuries
o Was syncretic: a mixing of traditions
o Believing that there are two materialisms: light and dark

Front 34

• Disciplinary heresy:

Back 34

o The disciplines of the church
o Donatism: a famous disciplinary heresy- if you have a priest who is not ordained who does a baptism, is the baptism legitimate?
o Church said sacrament was more important than person

Front 35

• Trinitarian heresy:

Back 35

o Where you have questions about the nature of the trinity
o Arianism: most famous of these early heresies- if you believe that there are three parts of god (father, son, holy spirit), does the father come before the holy son? Is jesus made out of something different than god is/is Jesus subordinate to God?
o The church said that all three parts of God were coexistent

Front 36

• Cathar heresy:

Back 36

o By the 12th century
o Syncretic and also disciplinary to an extent and trinitian to a degree
o Denied the __ of jesus (?)

Front 37

• Interdict:

Back 37

o John the king picks a fight with Pope Innocence III-> interdict
o Means at the pope’s command, no sacraments can be valid in England
o -> John giving England to the pope as a fief, gets it back as a vassal, has to pay ‘peter’s pence’

Front 38

• peter’s pence:

Back 38

o as a result of the interdict, John has to pay peter’s pence to Rome every year
o a huge tax that goes directly from England to Rome every year

Front 39

• domesday book:

Back 39

o William the conquerer establishes this
o Counting all the windows, houses, etc. in England to tax them