Mid Term - Vet Tech Emergency & First Aid

Front 1

When in doubt...

Back 1

Give OXYGEN

Front 2

What is the most common cause of Pulmonary Edema?

Back 2

Left Heart Failure

Front 3

Open mouth breathing is an indication of ________% lung capacity.

Back 3

75%

Front 4

________________ & ________________ are the keys to pinpointing most respiratory problems.

Back 4

Observation & Physical Exam

Front 5

Name the "classic sign" of pulmonary edema.

Back 5

Jugular vein engorgement

Front 6

Streptococcus pneumonia,

Klebsiella pneumonia,

Rickettsia burnetti

Back 6

bacterial

Front 7

Chlamydia &

Adenovirus are both

Back 7

viral

Front 8

Ammonia

Stomach contents

Back 8

Chemical

Front 9

Adverse condition resulting from treatment

Back 9

Iatrogenic

Front 10

Occuring without known cause

Back 10

Idiopathic

Front 11

Injury produced by external force

Back 11

Traumatic

Front 12

Disease involving multiple nerves

Back 12

Polyneuropathic

Front 13

Name 4 possible causes of pleural effusion

Back 13

Cancer, Heartworm disease, CHF, Chylothorax, Hemothorax, Hypoalbuminemia, infection, trauma, Idiopathic

Front 14

True or false? Surgery is a successful way to treat tracheal collapse.

Back 14

False

Front 15

What is the PRIMARY treatment for pneumonia?

Back 15

antibiotic therapy

Front 16

_______________ is inevitable in treating a diaphragmatic hernia.

Back 16

Surgery

Front 17

Inflammation of the lungs with consolidation

Back 17

Pneumonia

Front 18

Blood inside the alveolar and interstitial space interfering with exchange of oxygen and CO2

Back 18

Pulmonary contusion

Front 19

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular tissues and lungs

Back 19

Pulmonary edema

Front 20

Collection of fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura

Back 20

Pleural effusion

Front 21

Which of the bacterial pneumonias is zoonotic?

Back 21

Rickettsia burnetti

Front 22

Please explain why the intestine would go into the thoracic cavity due to a diaphragmatic hernia?

Back 22

Because the thoracic cavity has negative pressure and when the diaphragm is compromised that negative pressure then "sucks in" the contents of the abdominal cavity

Front 23

Which two are physical parameters of the cardiovascular system?

Back 23

HR, CRT

Front 24

abnormal respiratory sounds

crackles

Back 24

Sudden opening and closing of tiny airways - Cellophane sound

Front 25

abnormal respiratory sounds

Rales (Pleural Friction Rubs)

Back 25

Fluid surrounds and fills alveoli - Lower pitch and longer duration, on exhalation

Front 26

abnormal respiratory sounds

Wheezes

Back 26

Vibration of the airway walls from airway narrowing - Musical pitch sound before a song

Front 27

abnormal respiratory sounds

Stridor

Back 27

Continuous sound heard at end of expiration or beginning of inspiration - Low roar sound

Front 28

abnormal respiratory sounds

Stertor

Back 28

Harsh crackles over larynx or trachea - Phlegmy, wet sound.

Front 29

respective normal ranges

60-100 mmHg

Back 29

Diastolic

Front 30

respective normal ranges

80-122 mmHg

Back 30

Mean

Front 31

respective normal ranges

100-160 mmHg

Back 31

Systolic

Front 32

Please explain how to porperly check for deep pain. Please be detailed as to equipment and process.

Back 32

Toe Pinch - on central toes at base of nail, (first with your fingernails then if no response try with hemostats) on rear limb. If the patient withdraws (tries to pull limb to escape the pinching) or looks back or at you OR tries to bite…HE HAS DEEP PAIN!! If the animal seems as though he is completely unaware of really pinching those toes, He might not have deep pain.

This is when you think he may have “spinal shock” which can subside in 24-48 hours or so. Re-assessment is important

Front 33

Patients fell better when they _________. So when in doubt, ________.

Back 33

eat, feed

Front 34

Mucous Membrane colors with an issue

Red

Back 34

Heat Stroke, Hypermetabolic State

Front 35

Mucous Membrane colors with an issue

Pale to Very Pale

Back 35

Not much Hemoglobin in Capillary beds

Front 36

Mucous Membrane colors with an issue

White

Back 36

Severe Anemia

Front 37

Mucous Membrane colors with an issue

Blue

Back 37

Hypoxemia

Front 38

Mucous Membrane colors with an issue

Brown

Back 38

Acetomenophen Toxicity

Front 39

Mucous Membrane colors with an issue

yellow

Back 39

Hepatic Disease

Front 40

When does tachycardia become a problem?

Back 40

180-200 bpm

Front 41

ECG's record ________________ and identify ____________.

Back 41

Arrhythmias & Electrical Activity

Front 42

What is a common consequence of acute malnutrition in cats?

Back 42

Hepatic lipidosis

Front 43

When does bradycardia become a problem?

Back 43

40-60 bpm

Front 44

Please name the 4 regions that are to be Palpated and Evaluated for Body Condition Scoring.

Back 44

Pelvic Bony Prominences

Abdomen

Tailhead

Ribs

Front 45

True or False:

Aspiration is the most severe complication of parenteral nutrition.

Back 45

False

Front 46

ABNORMAL clinical signs with the metabolic imbalance:

Weakness, Coma, Seizure, Ataxia

Back 46

Glucose

Front 47

ABNORMAL clinical signs with the metabolic imbalance:

Stiffness, Arrhythmia, Muscle Tremors, Tetany

Back 47

Calcium

Front 48

ABNORMAL clinical signs with the metabolic imbalance:

Vomiting, Diarrhea, Dehydration, Altered Mentation

Back 48

Electrolytes

Front 49

True or False:

A patient in "Grave" condition will have a Coma Scale Score of 3-5.

Back 49

True

Front 50

What does an elevation in lactic acid indicate?

Back 50

Inadequate Tissue Oxygenation

Front 51

The _____________ should be palpated while the heart is being auscultated?

Back 51

Pulse

Front 52

Resting Energy Requirements (RER)

Dogs

Back 52

30 kcal/kg/day

Front 53

Resting Energy Requirements (RER)

Cats

Back 53

40 kcal/kg/day

Front 54

Resting Energy Requirements (RER)

Animals <2kg

Back 54

50 kcal/kg/day

Front 55

The blood pressure measurment when the heart contracts is __________________________ pressure and when the heart re-fills and rests it is ________________________________ pressure.

Back 55

Systolic, Diastolic

Front 56

True or False: When inducing and maintaining anesthesia, the technician anesthetist must maintain a skilled and methodical approach.

Back 56

True

Front 57

fluid administration and their characteristics

Poor choice for severe dehydration,

Not recommended for patients in shock

Back 57

SQ

Front 58

fluid administration and their characteristics

Large volumes to puppies or kittens

Back 58

I.O.

Front 59

fluid administration and their characteristics

Fluids need not be sterile,

Not recommended for vomiting patients

Back 59

PO

Front 60

fluid administration and their characteristics

1 1/2" - 3" needle

Back 60

IP

Front 61

fluid administration and their characteristics

Quickest rehydration

Back 61

IV

Front 62

Body weight in kg X % dehydration = fluid deficit in ________?

Back 62

L's

Front 63

Name 3 things considered an adverse side effect of an anesthetic agent?

Back 63

Hypothermia

Cyanosis

Dyspnea
Tachycardia

Tachypnea

Hyperglycemia

Front 64

__________________________ + ___________________________ + ______________________________ =

Rehydration fluids.

Back 64

Dehydration % +

Maintenance +

Ongoing Losses

Front 65

80-90 ml/kg is the normal blood volume for what species?

Back 65

Dogs

Front 66

ALL anesthetic agents are ______________ and may be associated with ____________ ____________ (including _______________).

Back 66

Dangerous

Adverse Effects

Death

Front 67

A loss of one pound of body weight represents a loss of ______ of fluid.

Back 67

500mL

Front 68

1) Please explain what SHOULD be done with out of date fluids

2) Give 2 examples of your alternative uses for out of date fluids.

3) What precautions can be taken to ensure that out of date fluids are NOT used?

Back 68

1.) mark them expired and save them

2.) as ice packs or warming a patient

3.) the marks they say 'expired' should be obvious

Front 69

Patients are __________ % water by weight.

Back 69

55-67%

Front 70

What is the FIRST thing to consider in the induction process?

Back 70

Stabilizing underlying disease process

Front 71

The easiest way to figure maintenance fluid rate is 1ml/kg/hr. True or False?

Back 71

False

Front 72

Please explain in detail the process of osmotic pressure and how each type of solution reacts. Please include in your answer the Isotonic, Hypertonic and Hypotonic solution reactions.

Back 72

Osmotic pressure, minimal pressure amount needed for a solution to not take in water.

Isotonic - balances, no change

Hypertonic - shrinks, draws water from cells

Hypotonic - grows, draws water into cells

Front 73

group of anesthetic drugs with their side effect

Opioid

Back 73

Bradycardia,

Agent of choice for induction of critically ill patients

Front 74

group of anesthetic drugs with their side effect

Ketamine

Back 74

Increased BP

Front 75

group of anesthetic drugs with their side effect

Barbituate

Back 75

Arrhythmogenia

Front 76

group of anesthetic drugs with their side effect

Etomdate

Back 76

Decreased cerebral blood flow

Front 77

group of anesthetic drugs with their side effect

propofol

Back 77

Potent respiratory depression

Front 78

group of anesthetic drugs with their side effect

Inhalation

Back 78

Peripheral vasodilation

Front 79

In your own words please describe Percussion and Interpretation. Please include equipment, the process and what your findings may be and how they woudl be interpreted.

Back 79

percussion is used to check systems in the body. Eqipment used: your hand to place on the system, then use your finger for interpretation to tap to determine if the system you are checking is abnormal (filled with fluid or too hard). Interpretation: using sound to determine if it is fluid filled or hard.

Front 80

How long can spinal shock interfere with interpretation of neurologic exam?

Back 80

24 hours

Front 81

types of fractures

involves entire cross section of bone

Back 81

Complete

Front 82

types of fractures

contaminated

Back 82

Compound

Front 83

types of fractures

one side of bone broken the other is bent

Back 83

Greenstick

Front 84

types of fractures

bone is splintered

Back 84

Comminuted

Front 85

types of fractures

does not produce an open wound

Back 85

Simple

Front 86

types of fractures

does not involve complete cross section of bone

Back 86

Incomplete

Front 87

When may a tourniquet be applied?

Back 87

If distal limb is not salvageable

Front 88

True or False:

Surgery is not considered a type of trauma.

Back 88

False

Front 89

The normal blood pressure for dogs and cats is 100-150 systolic and 60-110 diastolic.

True or False

Back 89

True

Front 90

What is the significance of the Halo test?

Back 90

Presence of spinal fluid

Front 91

Bandages should be kept ______________ & _______________.

Back 91

Dry & Clean

Front 92

traumatic injury clinical signs

hyper-reflexive,

absence of deep pain

Back 92

Spinal

Front 93

traumatic injury clinical signs

nystagmus,

anisocoria,

circling

Back 93

HEAD

Front 94

traumatic injury clinical signs

respiratory distress,

hypoventilation

Back 94

Thoracic

Front 95

traumatic injury clinical signs

degloving

Back 95

Extremity

Front 96

traumatic injury clinical signs

progressive anemia,

ventricular premature contractions (VPC's)

Back 96

Abdominal

Front 97

describe a Halo test. Please include equipment, how it is done, why it is done and what findings would indicate

Back 97

Halo test is used to test for cerebral spinal fluid during hemorrhaging. take a sample of the hemorrhaging fluid, put on gauze, if yellow hello appears it is + for CSF.

Front 98

please name specific reasons why gloves should be worn when handling patients with blood on them

Back 98

because there is a possibility it could be nasty human blood which can carry GERMS, STDS

Front 99

bandaging terms:

temporary, very bulky, good splinting, reduces swelling

Back 99

Robert Jones

Front 100

bandaging terms:

fractures and dislocations, a.k.a. spoon splints

Back 100

Mason Meta

Front 101

bandaging terms:

fractures and dislocations, utilizes aluminum rods

Back 101

Thomas

Front 102

bandaging terms:

specifically used to immobilize hind limb after reduction of luxation

Back 102

Ehmer

Front 103

bandaging terms:

non-weight bearing immobilization for forelimb

Back 103

Velpeau

Front 104

What is the best thing for one side of an open wound?

Back 104

the other side of the wound

Front 105

Hypoxic Brain Damage is irreversible after ______________ minutes?

Back 105

3-4 minutes

Front 106

What are the 4 ways to verify the arrest?

Back 106

1. Unconsciousness

2. Lack of Respirations

3. Lack of Pulse

4. Lack of Heartbeat

Front 107

A ____________________________ is the best piece of equipment for assessing an arrest.

Back 107

Stethoscope

Front 108

What is the ""GOAL" of Cardiac Massage?

Back 108

To maintain Adequate Bloodflow to the Brain and Heart.

Front 109

What Emergency Drugs can be given by endotracheal tube?

Back 109

epinephrine

lidocaine

Atropine

Front 110

What does CPCR stand for?

Back 110

cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation

Front 111

What is the percentage of oxygen in room air?

Back 111

21%

Front 112

Name the 2 components of CPCR

Back 112

Artificial Respirations & Cardiac Massage

Front 113

function of CPCR drugs?

treats VPC'c and ventricular tachycardia

Back 113

Lidocane

Front 114

function of CPCR drugs?

dilates bronchi and increases heart rate

Back 114

Atropine

Front 115

function of CPCR drugs?

strengthens heartbeat and slows heart rate

Back 115

Dobutamine

Front 116

function of CPCR drugs?

stimulates heart

Back 116

Epinephrine

Front 117

function of CPCR drugs?

treats heart failure and increases renal perfusion

Back 117

Dopamine

Front 118

What do the following stand for in CPCR?
A - B - C - D

Back 118

A = Airway

B = Breathing

C = Circulation

D = Drugs

Front 119

When performing CPR, you must maintain a fast pace for your chest compressions, what is the recommended way to keep the proper rhythm?

Back 119

Keep the beat to "Stayin' Alive" by the Bee Gees :)

Front 120

After verifying an arrest, what is the next step prior to administering CPR?

Back 120

Clear the Airway or make sure the airway is Patent.

Front 121

The Heart quivering and not contracting

Back 121

Ventricular Fibrillation

Front 122

What do you watch for to verify that you are giving adequate ventilations?

Back 122

You watch for the Rise and Fall of the Chest

Front 123

What constitutes immediate basic life support?

Back 123

Airway, Circulation, Breathing

Front 124

When is it recommended to stop CPR? in other words, what would be the qualifying factors?

Back 124

When the Pupils remain Fixed and Dilated for 10 minutes.

Front 125

When evaluating Respiratory value, which of the following is not an appropriate value?

Back 125

Absent

Front 126

What does the word triage mean?

Back 126

To sort

Front 127

____________________ is the first consideration in transporting animals to a hospital facility.

Back 127

Safety

Front 128

______________________________ is critical in emergency medicine, since the stuff we do is often out of the client's sight.

Back 128

communication

Front 129

bleeding patterns:

Oozing

Back 129

Capillary

Front 130

bleeding patterns:

Pulsating

Back 130

Arterial

Front 131

bleeding patterns:

Flowing

Back 131

Venous

Front 132

bleeding patterns:

Absent

Back 132

Dead

Front 133

What is the proper name for this side effect of primary heart disease?

Back 133

Ascities

Front 134

During shock, how does the body attempt to maintain circulatory function? (2 things)

Back 134

Increasing Heart Rate

Constricting Blood Vessels

Front 135

NOT a type of shock?

Back 135

Etiologic

Front 136

What does CVP stand for?

Back 136

Central Venous Pressure

Front 137

What is the normal range for CVP readings?

Back 137

0-5

Front 138

Practically all the clinical signs of shock are associated with ________________ & ________________.

Back 138

Hypotension or Hypoxia

Front 139

Compensatory or Decompensatory shock?

Pulse normal to bounding

Mucous membranes brick red

Back 139

Compensatory

Front 140

Compensatory or Decompensatory shock?

Rapid heart rate

Increased respiratory rate

Skin feels cool

Back 140

Decompensatory

Front 141

If a patient's blood pH is 7.85, this would be described as ________________.

Back 141

Alkalosis

Front 142

What is the normal range for blood pH?

Back 142

7.35 - 7.45

Front 143

The mainstay and absolute treatment of shock is ________________, _________________ & __________________

Back 143

Fluids

Oxygen

Steroids

Front 144

Shock is the failure of the _______________ System to maintain blood flow through the ________________ ________________.

Back 144

Circulatory System

Vital Organs

Front 145

Please explain why mucous membranes remain a 'normal' color with cyanide poisoning.

Back 145

The body still has hemoglobin to carry the oxygen, but the cyanide interferes with the body's ability to absorb and utilize it.

Front 146

What comprises the "congestive" part of Congestive Heart Failure? (2 things)

Back 146

Regurgitant blood and Edema

Front 147

What type of shock are Sympathomimetics used to treat?

Back 147

Cardiogenic

Front 148

Never let them die without ________________!!!!!!!!!!!!

Back 148

Steroids

Front 149

Colloid or Crystalloid?

Lactated Ringers Solution

5% Dextrose and Water

Can cross a semi-permeable membrane

Back 149

Crystalloid

Front 150

Colloid or Crystalloid?

Hetastarch

Cannot cross semi-permeable membrane

Plasma

Hypertonic Saline

Back 150

Colloid

Front 151

types of shock with their symptom:

Hypoglycemia

Back 151

Metabolic

Front 152

types of shock with their symptom:

Pyometra

Back 152

Endotoxic

Front 153

types of shock with their symptom:

Insect Bite or Sting

Back 153

Anaphylactic

Front 154

types of shock with their symptom:

Severe Pain

Back 154

Neurogenic

Front 155

types of shock with their symptom:

Tension Pneumothorax

Back 155

Cardiogenic

Front 156

types of shock with their symptom:

Vomiting and Diarrhea

Back 156

Hypovolemic

Front 157

1. At what specific level does the Total Protein need to reach to be an indication to give Plasma or Colloid Fluids?

2. If the animal is also anemic, what should be given instead?

Back 157

1. 3mg/dl or Lower

2. Whole Blood

Front 158

Please explain how to do an Estimated Blood Pressure; what is checked, readings and what readings mean

Back 158

1. Palpate Femoral & Dorsal Metatarsal Arteries (DMA)

a. Both strong = Pressure 100 +

b. Femoral strong; DMA weak = Pressure 80-100

c. Femoral weak; DMA absent = Pressure 60-80

2. Urine output stops = pressure <60