Mid-Term Science

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Amino acids

Example

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A small molecule that is linked chemically to other amino acids to form proteins.
20 common 1000's of others

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How do we think of Amino Acids?

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They are like the 26 letters of the alphabet. The letters used and their order determine the words you form.

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Amplitude

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The maximum distance the particles of a medium move away from their rest positions as a wave passes through the medium.

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Anus

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A muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated.

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Observing

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Using one or more of your senses to gather information.

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Quantitive observations

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deal with a number or an amount.

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Qualitative observations

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deal with descriptions that cannot be expressed in numbers

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Science

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A way of learning about the natural world

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inferring or making an inference

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Explaining or interpreting the things you observe.

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Predicting

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Making a forecast of what will happen in the future based on past experience or evidence.

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Classifying

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Grouping together items that are alike in some way.

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Making models

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Creating representations of complex objects or processes. These models help people understand things that are complex and can't be observed directly

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Scale Model

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Accurately shows the proportions between its parts. It is used in determining the relationship between a model and the object that it represents

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Life Science

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The study of living things. Another name is Biology.

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Bilolgy

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The study of life. Scientists who study living things.

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Organism

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May be an animal, a plant, a fungus or a microbe

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Branches of Science

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Can be devided into branches, the different fields of study often overlap.

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Development

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The process of change that causes an organism to become more complex during its lifetime

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Structure

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The way that an organism is put together as a whole.

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Functions

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The process that enable an organism to survive

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Complementary

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The structure and function of an organism work together to meet the needs of an organism

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Scientific inquiry

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refers to the diverse ways in which scientists investigate the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence they gather.

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Hypothesis

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A possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question

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A science hypothesis

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Must be testable. Researchers must be able to carry out investigations and gather evidence that will support their hypothesis

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variables

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factors that can change in an experiment, must be exactly the same.

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controlled experiment

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An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time.

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manipulated variable

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The one variable that is purposely changed in an experiment

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responding variable

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The factor that may change in response to the manipulated variable

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control

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The part of the experiment which you can compare the results of the other tests.

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operational definition

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a statement that describes how to measure a variable or define a term

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Data

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Facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations

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Communicating

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sharing of ideas and experimental findings with others through writing and speaking

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Good preparation

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Helps you conduct careful scientific investigations by planning for safety.

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wave

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disturbance that transfers energy from place to place

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energy

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In sciene it is defined as the ability to do work

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medium

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the material through which a wave travels

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Mechanical waves

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produced when a source of energy causes a medium to vibrate

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Vibration

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repeated back-and-forth or up-and-down motion

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The basic properties of waves

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Amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed

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crest

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The high point of a wave

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trough

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the low point of a wave

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wavelength

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a wave travels a certain distance before it starts to repeat. The distance between the two beginning parts is the

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frequency

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the number of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time

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hertz (Hz)

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Frequency is measured by

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Electromagnetic wave

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transfers electrical and magnetic energy -- consists of vibrating electric and magnetic fields that move through space at the speed of light

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electromagnetic radiation

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The energy that is transfered through space by electromagnetic waves

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electromagnetic spectrum

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the complete range of electromagnetic waves placed in order of increasing frequency -- made up of radio waves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays

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visible light

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the electromagnetic waves that you can see

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radio waves

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the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies

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microwaves

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the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies

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infrared rays

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If you turn on a burner on an electric stove, you can feel it warm up before the heating element starts to glow. The invisible hear you feel..--also used in heat lamps

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visible light

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a small band within a very broad electromagnetic spectrum. Red light to Violet light. The colors of the rainbow ROY G BIV

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ultraviolet rays

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electromagnetic waves with wavelengths just shorter than those of visible light

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X-rays

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electromagnetic waves with wavelengths just shorter than those of ultraviolet rays.

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gamma rays

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electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelengths and the greatest amunt of energy

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Light striking an object

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The light can be reflected, transmitted, or absorbed.

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transparent materials

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material transmits most of the light that strikes it

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translucent materials

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material scatters light as it passes through, just as smoke, fog, and clouds scatter light as is passes through the air

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opaque materials

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material reflects or absorbs all of the light that strikes it. You cannot see through it. You cannot see a straw through a glass

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The color of an opaque object

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the light it reflects

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primary colors

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Three colors that can combine to make any other color

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secondary color

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Two primary colors combine in equal amounts to produce this.

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What color does it make when the three primary colors of light are mixed together in equal amounts?

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white light

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complementary colors

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Any two colors that combine to form white light are called...

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pigments

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Inks, paints, and dyes contain these. They are colored substances that are used to color other materials

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reflection

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when an object or wave bounces back off a surface through which it cannot pass

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law of reflection

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Angle of incidence--Angle of reflection -- incoming wave --reflected wave Page 53 -- The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection

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plane mirror

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A flat sheet of glass that has a smooth, silver-colored coating on one side

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image

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a copy of an object formed by reflected or refracted rays of light

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virtual image

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the image you see in a plane mirror. An upright image that forms where light seems to come from

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concave mirror

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a mirror with a surface that curves inward like the inside of a bowl

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optical axis

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an imaginary line that divides a mirror in half

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focal point

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The point at which rays parallel to the optical axis meet or converge

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real image

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forms when rays actually meet. But if the object is between the mirror and the focal point, the reflected rays form a virtual image behind the mirror

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convex mirror

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a mirror with a surface that curves outward

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refraction

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a bending of light waves due to a change in speed.

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When light rays enter a medium at an angle

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the changes in speed cause the rays to bend or change direction

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lens

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a curved piece of glass or other transparent material that refracts light.

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convex lens

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magnifying glass is thicker in th ecenter than at the edges

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an objects position relative to the focal point determines

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whether a convex lens forms a real image or a virtual image

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concave lens

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thinner in the center than at the edges. When light rays pass through a concave lens they bend away or diverge from the optical axis and never meet

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A concave lens can produce only virtual images

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because parallel light rays passing through the lens never meet

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nearsighted

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A person can see nearby things clearly, but objects at a distance are blurred. The eyeball is to long so the lens focuses the image to the front of the eye. The convex lens in front of the eye spreads out light rays before they enter the eye.

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farsighted

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A person can see distant objects clearly, but nearby objects appear blurry. The eyeball is to short, s the image that falls on the retina is out of focus. The convex lens corrects this by bending light rays towards eachother before they enter the eye

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elements

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any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. The smallest element is called and atom

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Compound

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Made up of two of the elements carbon and oxygen. When two or more elements combine chemically, they form a compound

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Carbohydrate

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Energy-rich organic compound made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Sugars and starches are examples of carbohydrates.

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sugar

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Carbohydrates. Sugars are produced during the food-making process that takes place in plants. Fruits and vegetables have a higher sugar content.

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starch

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Fruits and vegetables can combine, forming large molecules called starches, or complex carbohydrates. Plants store excess energy in molecules of starch. Potatoes, pasta, rice

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celluose

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Celluose found in the cell walls of plants is a type of carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are also found in cell membranes

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Lipids

Types are fat, oil, and cholesterol

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Lipids are energy rich organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Lipids contain more energy that carbohydrates. Cells store energy in lipids. Like a bears fat stored for the winter. Lipids make up most of the cell membrane.

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Proteins

Foods high in proteins are meat, eggs, fish, nuts, and beans.

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Large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and in some cases sulfur.

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Nucleic acids

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very long organic molecules made of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. They contain the instructions that cells need to carry out all the functions of life. RNA and DNA

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RNA

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Plays an important role int the production of proteins RNA is found in the cytoplasm as well as in the necleus.

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DNA

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is the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring.

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Diffusion

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The process by which molecules move from an area of highter concentration to an area of lower concentration

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Osmosis

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The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Because cells cannot function properly without adequate water, many cellular processes depend on osmosis.

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atoms

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All matter you see, including rocks, is made of tiny particles called atoms

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bilateral symmetry

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A body plan with two halves that are mirror images

Pg 414

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asexual reproduction

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a reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

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enzyme

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A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in a living thing

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Hormone

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A chemical product of an endocrine gland that produces a specific effect such as growth or development.