Mid-Term Nursing Science

Front 1

What is the branch of science that studies the structure of the body?

Back 1

anatomy

Front 2

What is the branch of science that studies the function of the body?

Back 2

physiology

Front 3

What term refers to the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment in response to changing conditions?

Back 3

homeostasis

Front 4

What position is described: the body is standing erect, with the face forward, the arms at the slides, and the palms of the hands directed forward?

Back 4

anatomical position

Front 5

What part of the body is distal to the elbow?

Back 5

wrist

Front 6

Is the inner thigh area referred to as medial or lateral thigh?

Back 6

medial

Front 7

Is the umbilicus seen on the anterior or posterior view of the body?

Back 7

anterior

Front 8

Is the lumbar region seen on the anterior or posterior view of the body?

Back 8

posterior

Front 9

What word refers to your natural shoulder pads?

Back 9

deltoid

Front 10

What term refers to the sole of the foot?

Back 10

plantar

Front 11

Is the wrist distal or proximal to the elbow?

Back 11

distal

Front 12

Is the elbow proximal or distal to the wrist?

Back 12

proximal

Front 13

What part of the body is proximal to the leg?

Back 13

hip

Front 14

What plane divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions?

Back 14

sagittal

Front 15

What plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

Back 15

coronal, frontal

Front 16

What plane divides the body into ventral and dorsal portions?

Back 16

frontal

Front 17

What plane divides the body horizontally creating superior and inferior portions?

Back 17

transverse

Front 18

What term refers to the armpit?

Back 18

axillary

Front 19

What term refers to the neck region?

Back 19

cervical

Front 20

What term refers to the arm?

Back 20

brachial

Front 21

What term refers to the fingers and toes?

Back 21

digital

Front 22

What term refers to the area where the thigh meets the trunk of the body?

Back 22

femoral

Front 23

What term refers to the foot?

Back 23

pedal

Front 24

What term refers to the area of the chest overlying the breastbone?

Back 24

sternal

Front 25

What term refers to the navel?

Back 25

umbilical

Front 26

What term refers to the shoulder blade area?

Back 26

deltoid

Front 27

What term refers to the area behind the knee?

Back 27

popliteal

Front 28

What term refers to the genital area?

Back 28

pubic

Front 29

What term refers to the area in front of the elbow?

Back 29

antecubital

Front 30

What is the term for the organs of the body?

Back 30

viscera

Front 31

What cavity is located toward the back of the body and is divided into the cranial and spinal cavities?

Back 31

dorsal

Front 32

What cavity contains both the brain and the spinal cord?

Back 32

cranial

Front 33

What organ is encased within the cranial cavity?

Back 33

brain

Front 34

What structure is contained within the vertebral cavity?

Back 34

spine

Front 35

What cavity is divided into the thoracic and abdominal cavity?

Back 35

ventral cavity

Front 36

What thoracic cavity contains the lungs?

Back 36

pleural cavity

Front 37

What cavity contains the stomach, liver, and urinary bladder?

Back 37

abdominal cavity

Front 38

What organ is contained in the mediastinum?

Back 38

heart

Front 39

Within what thoracic cavity are the lungs located?

Back 39

mediastinum

Front 40

What area is locagted on the posterior view of the body immediately behind the patellar area?

Back 40

popliteal

Front 41

What is the kneecap called?

Back 41

patellar

Front 42

The mouth is called the?

Back 42

oral cavity

Front 43

What term refers to the area overlying your wing bone?

Back 43

scapular

Front 44

What ventricle cavity contains the pleural cavities and the mediastinum?

Back 44

thoracic cavity

Front 45

What are the largest vessels that carries blood away from the heart?

Back 45

heart

Front 46

what is matter?

Back 46

-anything that occupies space

-liquid

-gas

-solid

Front 47

two types of matter...

Back 47

-physical

-chemical

Front 48

elements

Back 48

matter composed of atoms that have the same number of positive (proton) charges in their nuclei

Front 49

trace elements

Back 49

-present in tiny amounts

-essential for life

-iodine and potassium

Front 50

proton is...

Back 50

positive

Front 51

neutron is...

Back 51

neutral

Front 52

4 elements that make up 96% of human body weight...

Back 52

-oxygen 65%

-carbon 18.5%

-hydrogen 9.5%

-nitrogen 3.2%

Front 53

atoms

Back 53

the smallest unit of an element with the elements chemical characteristics

Front 54

3 subatomic particles are...

Back 54

-protons

-neutrons

-electrons

Front 55

inner shell / first shell...

Back 55

max of 2, all other shells can go out with a ma of 8

Front 56

atomic number

Back 56

the number of protons in the nucleus

(total # of protons)

Front 57

atomic mass

Back 57

the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

(add the number of protons and neutrons)

Front 58

isotope

Back 58

-a different form of the same atom

-same atomic number

-different atomic mass

Front 59

electron shells

Back 59

electrons surround nucleus in orbits

Front 60

electron shells

Back 60

-each shell can hold electrons

-first shell - 2 electrons

-second & third shell - 8 electrons

-number of electrons in outermost shell is critical

Front 61

ionic bonds

(I give to you)

Back 61

-caused by a transfer of electrons between atoms

-transfer from one to another

Front 62

ions

Back 62

atoms or groups o atoms that carry an electrical charge

Front 63

two types of atoms are...

Back 63

-anion (-)

-cation (+)

Front 64

hydrogen bond

Back 64

only water molecules

Front 65

electrolytes

Back 65

form ions when dissolved in water

Front 66

hypokalemia

Back 66

low potassium

Front 67

electrolytes an ionization

Back 67

when an electrolyte breaks apart in a solution, the electrolyte is said to disassociate

Front 68

water ( a vital substance)

Back 68

-universal solvent

-temperature regulator

-ideal lubricant

-crucial part of most chemical reactions

-protective mechanism

Front 69

oxygen and carbon dioxide

Back 69

-important compounds and molecules

-oxygen (O2) is a molecule composed of oxygen atoms and exists in nature and gas

-air is 21% oxygen

-carbon dioxide (CO2) is a compound

Front 70

chemical reactions

Back 70

-the interactions of atoms, molecules, or compounds to form new chemical combination

Front 71

catalysts

Back 71

-chemical substances that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction

Front 72

enzymes are...

Back 72

proteins that serve as catalysts

Front 73

acid

Back 73

an electrolyte that disassociates into H+ (hydrogen ion) and an anion

Front 74

base

Back 74

substance, often OH- (hydroxyl ion) that combines with H+ to make a solution less acidic

Front 75

acids and bases

Back 75

they can be strong or weak

Front 76

pH is

Back 76

a unit of measurement, that indicates how many H+ ions are in a solution

Front 77

pH scale

Back 77

ranges from 0-14

Front 78

midpoint of scale is...

Back 78

pH 7 or neutral

Front 79

acidosis

Back 79

-too many H+ ions

-pH less than 7.35

*add a base to decrease an acid*

Front 80

alkalosis

Back 80

-too few H+ ions

-pH greater than 7.45

Front 81

six forms of energy are...

Back 81

-mechanical (movement)

-chemical (running, exercise)

-electrical (nervous system)

-radiant (light coming in, able to see) (vit. D)

-thermal (body temperature)

-nuclear (not good for the body)

Front 82

adenosine triosphate (ATP)

Back 82

energy transfer molecule

Front 83

three parts of ATP

Back 83

-sugar

-base

-three phosphate groups

Front 84

mixtures

Back 84

combinations of 2 or more substances that can be separated by a magnet

Front 85

solutions

Back 85

have two parts that remain evenly distributed

(normal saline)

Front 86

solute

Back 86

-substance present in smaller amounts

-it does the dissolving

Front 87

two types of solutions are...

Back 87

-aqueous

-tinctures

Front 88

suspensions

Back 88

-mixtures with relatively large particles

Front 89

colloidal suspension

Back 89

particles remain suspended within the liquid

Front 90

precipitates (very bad thing)

Back 90

solids are formed and fall out of solution during a chemical reaction

Front 91

cells

Back 91

-are basic unis of living matter

-cell structures reflect their specialized functions

Front 92

2 main parts of the cell

Back 92

-nucleus

-cytoplasm

Front 93

cell membrane

Back 93

-encases cell

-regulates what enters and leaves a cell

-semi-permeable (some can enter, some can't)

Front 94

nucleus

Back 94

-controls the workings of the entire cell

-is surrounded by double-layered nuclear membrane

Front 95

found inside the nucleus are...

Back 95

-nucleoplasm

-nucleolus

-chromatin

-cytoplasm

Front 96

nucleoplasm

Back 96

gel-like substance

Front 97

nucleolus

Back 97

involved in synthesis of ribosomes

Front 98

chromatin

Back 98

threadlike structure that contains genes

Front 99

cytoplasm

Back 99

a gel like substance found inside the cell, but outside

Front 100

cytoplasm is composed of..

Back 100

-cytosol (gel-like)

-organelles (little organs)

Front 101

mitochondria

Back 101

-slipper shaped (kidney bean)

-power plants of the cell

Front 102

necrosis

Back 102

death of a cell or group of cells

Front 103

abnormal cell growth

Back 103

creates tumors

Front 104

benign

Back 104

non-cancerous

Front 105

malignant

Back 105

cancerous

Front 106

stem cells

Back 106

-reproduction of unspecialized cells

-can remain inactive in adults for years

-produces new

Front 107

lipids

Back 107

-fats the stored as energy

-triglycerides

-phospholipids

-steroids

-fats and oil

Front 108

HDL

Back 108

high density lipoproteins

-good cholesterol

-high is good, exercise

Front 109

LDL

Back 109

low density lipoproteins

-bad cholesterol

-low is bad

Front 110

protein can be broken down as a source of energy for ATP production

Back 110

-production, power bar

-meal replacements shakes or bars

Front 111

nucleotide

Back 111

composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a base

Front 112

nucleic acids

Back 112

-adenine

-thymine

-guanine

-cytosine

Front 113

building blocks of protein

Back 113

-essential and non-essential acids

-both need to be there

Front 114

lysosomes

Back 114

break down of waste for housekeeping within cell

Front 115

Golgi apparatus

Back 115

-the packaging part

-puts finishing touches on protein after synthesis

-will either take it and add a sugar or take it away

Front 116

nucleic acids

Back 116

-compsed of nucleotides

Front 117

polysaccharides

Back 117

-many sugars

-starches, glycogen, cellulose

Front 118

disaccharides

Back 118

-2 sugars

-sucrose, maltose, lactose

Front 119

monosaccharaides

Back 119

-1 sugar

-glucose, fructose, galactose, dexyribose, ribose

Front 120

cell division

Back 120

-mitosis

-meiosis

Front 121

SER

Back 121

-smooth endoplasmic reticulum

-no ribosome

-free inside

-site of lipid and steroid synthesis

-some rome , free

Front 122

RER

Back 122

-rough endoplasmic reticulum

-fixed ribosomes that are on the surface

-rough stays put

Front 123

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 123

-network of membranes in ctosol

Front 124

cell metabolism

Back 124

series of chemical reactions necessary for use of raw material

Front 125

anabolism

Back 125

-ATP is required

-builds

Front 126

catabolism

Back 126

-reactions that breakdown larger more substances into smaller

-simpler substances breakdown

Front 127

glucose

Back 127

-stored as fat

-burned as fuel

Front 128

carbohydrates

Back 128

-organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Front 129

ribosomes

Back 129

-sites of protein synthesis

-can be fixed or free

Front 130

ATP

Back 130

-energy

-production in the cristae

-helps move

-needed for everything

Front 131

nucleolus

Back 131

involved in synthesis of ribosomes

Front 132

nucleoplasm

Back 132

gel-like substance

Front 133

found inside the nucleus

Back 133

-nucleoplasm

-nucleolus

-chromatin

-cytoplasm

Front 134

nucleus

Back 134

controls the workings of the entire cell

Front 135

tonicity

Back 135

-the ability of a solution to affect the volume and pressure within a cell

-isotonic solution (normal saline)

-hypotonic solutions (cells burst)

-hypertonic solutions (shrinks)

Front 136

filtration

Back 136

-movement of water and dissolved substances from an area of high pressure to low pressure

-water ad dissolved substances are pushed

-cleaning, dialysis

-filters through

Front 137

passive mechanisms

Back 137

-diffusion

-facilitated diffusion

-osmosis

-filtration

Front 138

active mechanisms

Back 138

-pumps

-endocytosis (within)

-exocytosis (out)

Front 139

pumps

Back 139

-move substances from an area of lower concentration

-requires input of energy

Front 140

exocytosis

Back 140

-secretion of cellular products of the cell leaving out

Front 141

endocytosis

Back 141

-ingestion of a substance by te cell membrane

-coming in

-within

Front 142

phagocytosis

Back 142

eating

Front 143

pinocytosis

Back 143

drinking

Front 144

meisos

Back 144

sex cells only

Front 145

mitosis

Back 145

-m phase

-growth and repair

-daughter cells form

Front 146

interphase

Back 146

-G1

-first gap phase

Front 147

cell cycle

Back 147

-2 phases

-interphase in mitosis

Front 148

cytoskeleton

Back 148

-composed of microfilaments and microtubules

-provides intracellular shape and support

Front 149

centrioles

Back 149

-rod shaped structures

-help separate chromosomes during mitosis

Front 150

micro-villi

Back 150

-helps move water across the cell membrane

-micro=move

Front 151

cilia

Back 151

-short like hair

-wave like motions

-helps move substance across the cell surface

Front 152

flagella

Back 152

-helps sperm swim

-whip like

Front 153

diffusion

Back 153

-movement of high concentration to low concentration

-moves from strong to weak

Front 154

s-phase

Back 154

-G2

-second gap phase

Front 155

tissue

Back 155

groups of cells that are similar to one another in structure and function

Front 156

histology

Back 156

the study of tissues

Front 157

four main types of tissue

Back 157

-epithelial

-connective

-muscular

-nervous

Front 158

epithelial is found where...

Back 158

-inner lines of cavities

-mouth

-respiratory tract

-reproductive tract

Front 159

epithelial tissue looks like...

Back 159

-fish scales

-floors of tiles

-outer surface is unattached

-undersurface is attached

Front 160

epithelial tissue does what?

Back 160

-protects

-absorb

-filtrates (cleans out)

-secretes (sweats, urea, mucus, puss)

-transports

Front 161

epithelium

Back 161

-epithelial tissue

Front 162

epithelial tissue

Back 162

-quickly made

-