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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Structural Functionalism
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1) What functions does the family serve for society?
Provides new members for society and Socialises new people into the structure of society. The Family structure helps society survive. 2) What functions are performed by its members for the family to survive? Age and Gender Divisions of Labour. - Men (Instrumental) - task oriented. Women (expressive) - person-oriented. 3) What needs does the family meet for its members? Mutual companionship and support, development of personality and social skills, socialisation of children. |
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Conflict Theory
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Conflict is inevitable due to the inequality in society and people are self-oriented; Therefore,
need to focus on managing (not get rid) of Inequality as it's always going to be in relationships. Families differ in magnitude of conflict and how conflict is expressed. Emphasis on competition and struggle as fundamental to social systems. - Society consists of unequal elements (power is unequally distributed) - 1) Competition 2) Conflict 3) Power and Influence |
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Feminist Theory
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Type of Conflict and Role Theory
-men have more access to power -family is expected to be male dominated -emphasis on women's experiences (women’s subordination under existing social arrangements) -gender roles/ socialisation shape relations between men and women -women are expected to be in mothering role males are expected to be in instrumental role -Emphasis on social change - ending unjust subordination |
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Family Life Cycle Theory
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-Families change in predictable ways as do family members
-Individual and family development interact with each other |
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Vertical flow of anxiety
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Intergenerational Connectedness
Patterns transmitted through generations - family attitudes, expectations, issues with which we grow up |
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Horizontal flow of anxiety
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Stresses experienced by the family as it develops
-predictable and unpredictable (death, illness, war) (adolescence) |
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Historical changes in Family Life Cycle
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- Longevity
We are living longer, so less of life spent child-rearing More time as couple (or alone) at end of life - Median age of first marriage (Increasing) |
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Family Life Cycle
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Young adult, leaving home
New couple Family with young children Family with adolescents Launching children Family in later life |
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Second Order Change
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change of system itself
Reorganization into new patterns |
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First Order Change
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incremental change
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Family Systems Theory
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focuses on STRUCTURE and FUNCTIONS of the Family System
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Family Systems Theory
(structure of family) |
Boundaries (limits of a system/ subsystem)
Identifying components as a system draws a boundary between what is included and what is not part of the system |
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Family Systems Theory
(structure of family) |
Hierarchy
Systems are arranged in hierarchical fashion, which determines the flow of power, influence, and emotion Ordered and highly structured Echelons (layer): parental subsystem a higher echelon than sibling subsystem |
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Family Systems Theory
(Functions of family) |
Circular Patterns
patterns in a system are circular rather than linear Change must be directed at the cycle! |
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Family Systems Theory
(Functions of family) |
Stability
Homeostasis systems have homeostatic features and maintain the stability of their patterns within certain optimal ranges error-activated process (thermostat) Corrective feedback loops Positive feedback (deviation amplifying) System is altered. System acts to pull itself back to its former state |
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Family Systems Theory
(Functions of family) |
Change
Evolution and change are inherent in the family system Morphogenisis (growth, change of form) perturbation |
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Perturbation
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challenge to patterns
system moves away from equilibrium usual corrective responses not working |
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Family Systems Theory
(Functions of family) |
Adaptation
exploration of alternatives reorganize relationships emergence of new patterns example- serious illness in a parent |
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Family Systems Theory
- Structure |
Individuals can only be understood in family context.
Family is more than sum of parts. Wholeness Any system is an organized whole, and elements within the system are necessarily interdependent. |
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Subsystems in a Family System
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Each subsystem has its own boundaries
mother-daughter father - daughter parents siblings female male individual |
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Homeostasis
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Mechanism of the Family's self regulation. Maintains equilibrium - stability of a family's patterns within certain optimal ranges. Usually resets after deviation. enabled by Negative Feedback it acts to reduce deviation from homeostasis. It increases Family rigidity and prevents possibilities for change.
Can keep Families from moving to a different stage and become 'stuck' |
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positive feedback
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encourages deviation from homeostasis - homeostasis is blown - no correction. System moves to a new homeostasis..as a result it is hard to return back to the old homeostasis.
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Marriage
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changing 2 entire systems and overlapping to create a third subsystem
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Becoming Parents
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Families with young children have highest rates of divorce
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Family Life Cycle - Parents of Adolescents
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Boundaries must become permeable or family can become stuck. Parent's can no longer maintain complete authority.
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Families at midlife (Family Life Cycle)
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Launching Children can be met as a second opportunity or depression and loss "empty nest"
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Family Life Cycle is Changing
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fewer children, later marriages, later child birth, divorce, remarriage, longer life expectancy.
- due to this...Parents spend half lives child rearing instead of whole lives. |
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Family Life Cycle Phases
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1) Young Adult
2) Marriage 3)Parents of young children 4) Parents of Adolescents 5)Parents at Midlife 6)Families in later life |
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Carter and McGoldrick (1989)
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Family Life Cycle Perspective
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Systems Theory
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focuses on the patterns that are developed and maintained in the family over time, which regulate behaviour of family members
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Critique of Structural Functionalism
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Assumes only 'intact' families fulfil functions
Traditional Families are functional - divorced + remarried families are dysfunctional Assumes Stability is best Gender Bias - ignores social change, injustice and oppression |
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Legitimacy - example of Power
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you have to do this because I am your mother
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Economic - example of Power
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I earn the money; therefore, I have the final say on expenses.
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Physical- example of Power
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Threaten Brutality if a person does not comply
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Love - example of Power
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If you loved me, you would do or not do this.
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Critique of Conflict Theory
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harsh judgement of human nature (does not include love, cooperation, self-sacrifice)
Conflict in families is hard to measure (hidden or avoided) |
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Critique of Feminist Theory
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Much of the feminist research is Qualitative - hard to generalise.
political phenomenon |
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Developmental Psychologists
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Focus on Individuals, not Family Systems
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General Systems Theory
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a system is a set of elements organised in a consistent relationship.
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Ecological Perspective
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Interrelationships between Organisms and Their Environment
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Bi-directional Effects (Ecological Perspective)
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we respond to our environment and therefore that environment as it influences us.
(reciprocal influence) Family shapes Child; Child shapes Family |
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Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Approach
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Influences can be opportunities and risks
Contexts are Proximal to Distal -Microsystem -Mesosystem -Exosystem -Macrosystem need to also consider the relations between the systems themselves. |
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Attack-Withdrawal Patterns
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Women are more likely to attack
Men are more likely to withdraw avoidance may cause escalation as patterns are circular. |
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Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
(John Gottman) |
Problems that diagnose Couples who likely to divorce.
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1) Complain/Criticise
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse |
wives complain and criticise more than husbands (and this escalates - dysfunctional when it escalates out of proportion)
wives complaining and criticising is only related own physiological arousal. Men's complaining and criticising unrelated to any physiological arousal. negative disclosure can harm satisfaction |
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2) Contempt/ Disgust
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse |
contempt - insult, sarcasm, disapproval
communicates sense of incompetence in partner disgust - fed up, repulsed emotions are shown in face and speech Husband's facial expressions of contempt predicts wife's physical illness 4 years later Wife's facial expressions of disgust correlated with number of months the couple will be separated in next 4 years |
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3) Defensiveness
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse |
denial of blame or responsibility - counter blame
protect self from attack -include whining "it's not fair..why me..i didn't do anything" -include negative mindreading "you always get tense at parties..you don't care" |
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4) Stonewalling
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse |
similar to withdrawal
no vocalisation or head nods, listener does not look at speaker men do this more (85%) It is stressful (increases heart rate) for both wives and husbands |
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Sound Marital House
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Used in treatment
focus on marital friendship creating positive sentiment override regulating conflict creating shared symbolic meaning |
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Challenges to the Transition of Marriage
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-Time use
-use of money -family traditions to keep or invent - re-negotiation of relationships with parents, friends, siblings and co-workers |
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Lillian Rubin Study
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Study on Working Class Families adjustment to Marriage
Traditional marital adjustment problems are influenced by youth and economic insecurity. |
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Working Families adjustment of Marriage
Rubin Study |
married earlier
more adjustments more divorce |
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Adjustments to Marriage
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Money shortages
financial responsibilities job instability early parenting in-law issues moving back in with parents |
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Characteristics that predict Martial Quality
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- Homogamy (tendency to marry someone similar)
-later age at marriage -higher education, occupation and financial resources - good relationships with parents -approval of spouse by family -Duration of Marriage (high in early years but declines - steepest shortly after marriage..may or may not rise after children leave home) - positive communication and self -disclosure -shared interests and companionship |
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Important in predicting Marital Quality
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Agreeing on Roles and Filling them competently
Reciprocity (giving what we receive and receive what we have given) Equity (exchanges balance out) |
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Adjustments to Parenthood
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.Role Changes - (irrevocable role shift) new labour to divide - baby creates challenge to equality. Always will be parents.
. Structural Changes to Family System - not just a couple dyad anymore - multiple relationships added . Relationship difficulties . Time, Energy . Money .Social Isolation |
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Benefits of Children
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Overall Life Satisfaction Increases
Sense of family, connection to partner and closer to own parents (although non-parents are happier and less irritated) |
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Characteristics of easier adjustment
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- Marital Satisfaction before birth
- Involvement of Husband (support from husband -> marital adjustment) - wanting to have children |
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Coping with Parenthood
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- Being Adaptable
- Sharing Parenting Responsibilities - Continue some pre-child activities - recognise importance of wife-husband relationship - use social support -help father realise nurturant potential (alone time with baby) - look to the future |
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Infant Attachment
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the close emotional bond between the infant and caregiver
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Freudian Prespective on Attachment
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infant attaches to mother to meet basic biological needs (feeding)
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Learning Theory on Attachment
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Infant learns to attach to mother through repeated association
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Harlow perspective on Attachment
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feeding is not crucial to attachment - the importance of early experience
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Lorenz perspective on Attachment
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limited period for early social bonding
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Erikson perspective on Attachment
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1st year of life is crucial for the development of trust
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Attachment Theory
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an Ethological Approach to developing relationships
In order to survive, infants are biologically predisposed to monitor adult caregivers and seek proximity to them. |
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Functions of Attachment
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a Goal-corrected control system
Behavioural Goal (to be close to a protective figure) Psychological Goal (to feel secure) especially in times of stress |
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Internal Working Model
-Attachment |
-Representation of the relationship between infant and caregiver
-actively working -continuously evolving -usually not conscious -Informs child about identity of caregiver, location of caregiver and accessibility of caregiver in times of stress - creates current and future expectations |
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Ainsworth et al (1978) study
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Strange Situation Study
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Type A : Insecure - Avoidant
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Type of Attachment
displays INDIFFERENCE to caregiver's presence; IGNORES or actively AVIODS caregiver on reunion predicts conduct behaviour and dependence |
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Type B : Secure
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Type of Attachment
uses caregiver as a secure base for exploration INTENSE DELIGHT at reunion; distress not easily soothed at separation predicts - sensitive and cooperative interactions and independence and self reliance self confident, higher self-esteem, ego-resilient coping strategies were persistent and flexible |
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Type C : Insecure - Resistant/Ambivalent
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Type of Attachment
RESISTS exploration; CLINGS; high levels of distress at separation; resists and seeks contact on reunion predicts anxiety disorders and dependence and less self reliance |
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Type D : Disorganised
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Type of Attachment
does not display a coherent mode; may CRY then HIT; may FREEZE or show FEAR OF PARENT; often bizarre behaviours predicts conduct disorder and self injurious behaviour (cutting/burning) |
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Basic Findings of Attachment Studies
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Patterns of Infant Attachment are predictive of behaviour in early childhood, adolescence and adulthood
If the attachment figure is physically and psychologically sensitive to the infant's needs - then the infant will form a secure base to explore the world and sense of identity |
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Autonomous (Group F) / Secure
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Adult Attachment Pattern
- provides coherent discourse had secure infants |
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Dismissive (Group D)/ insecure-dismissing
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Adult Attachment Pattern
- cut themselves off from memories had avoidant infants |
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Preoccupied (Group E) insecure-preoccupied
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Adult Attachment Pattern
-Inconsistent, often angry had ambivalent infants |
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Unresolved (Group U) unresolved-disorganised
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Adult Attachment Pattern
- are Fearful and/or irrational about traumatic attachment events had disorganised infants |
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Coalition
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2 tryads against 1.
2 parents against 1 child |
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Relationship Dynamics Scale
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Used to assess the danger signs in a relationship
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Principle priority of a father's transition to parenthood
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Work
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Parenting Styles most common in mothers and fathers in a study of Australian parents
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Mothers tend to be Authoritative
Fathers tend to be Authoritarian or Permissive |
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Social Exchange Theory
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Motivations for behaviour lie in the anticipated costs and rewards.
weigh up costs against rewards rewards - different value to different people Reward - Cost = Outcome |
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Comparison Level
Social Exchange Theory |
standard that develops over time from own and others' experiences
-generalised expectations of quality of relationships |
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Comparison Level of Alternatives
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Comparing the present situation to the perceived alternatives
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Social Exchange Theory
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Satisfaction -> increases Commitment
Investment -> increases Commitment Comparison Alternative -> Decreases Commitment |
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Critique of Social Exchange Theory
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Assumes profit seeking
Cannot be disproved |
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% of Traditional Australian Families
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27.5% of Australian Families with children under 5 are Traditional
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Social Exchange Theory
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Outcome - Comparison Level = Satisfaction
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Social Exchange Theory
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Satisfaction - Alternatives + Investments = Commitment
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Danger Signs used in the Relationship Dynamics Scale
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Danger Signs
escalation (responding negatively back in forth) invalidation (put downs...invalidating the person) attack-withdrawal negative interpretations of behaviour |
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Average work hours for Men
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40+ hours
either employed or unemployed |
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Average work hours for Women
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a Continuum of employment
-casual, part time, full time |
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surface structure
of friendships |
Aspect of relationships changes over time and the lifespan and different contexts
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deep structure of friendship
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symmetrical reciprocity
aspect of relationships that stays the same |
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Attachment predicts what behaviours
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play and exploration
pre-school competence |
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John Gottman Mathematical modelling
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emotional inertia (remaining same in relationship)
power negativity in relationship - has more power to hurt than positivity has to heal. |
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Characteristics of Dual Earner Families with Children
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Men work more
Women work less |
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Average Hours Men spend on Domestic duties
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11 hours on average spent on domestic duties
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3 Friendship Types
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Interdependent (cooperation and autonomous)
Disengaged (disconnection) Consensus (cohesion and agreement is maximised) |
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Internal Working Model
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cognitive and emotional component
significant in pre-school period theory of mind metacognitive awareness |
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Average Hours Women spend on Domestic duties
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20 hours spent on average on domestic duties
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Hartup - How friendships Qualitatively Differ
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constructiveness ( conflict resolution)
content resolution (presence of absence of Anti Social behaviour) closeness (time spent together) symmetry of social power (Level of Social Power) effective substrates (supportive/secure) |
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Reasons behind lack of Male Housework
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- Traditional Sex Roles (even in couples with egalitarian values)
- Many Partners don't want help (perceived incompetence of men/ Territoriality) - Men don't want to help (housework is lower status than paid work) |
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Conjugal Identity
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role - prescriptions for behaviour associated with social position of spouse
identity - unique attributes and traits associated with each spouse within marriage |
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2 areas Specifically Developmental Psychologists don't focus on
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Subsystem Boundaries + Coalition
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2 Qualitative Methods of Friendship
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Dimensional strategy - elements present and not present
Typological/ Categorical Strategy - patterns of interaction involved |
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Characteristics of Friendships
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socio-demographic sources (most likely to be friends from someone in same background)
social selection - actively look for people who are similar socialisation - interactions make people similar With regard to antisocial activities, such as delinquency, it appears as if “birds of a feather flock together” Selection and socialization both matter for drug use |
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Sex differences in Work
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Men prefer Status-based Satisfiers
Women prefer Socio-emotional Satisfiers |
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Rebelsky and Hanks (1971) Study on Father's interaction with infants
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Father's spent 38 secs/day interacting with infants
most devoted father's spent 10+ mins/day interacting with infant over time - father's spent 70% less time interacting with child. |
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Time Spent in day-to-day caretaking
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Father's spent 12 hours/ wk compared to Mother's 33 hours/wk
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Hagen and Kuebli (2007) Study
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Father's of Daughters monitored children more closely than fathers of sons (might promote caution in girls)
Mother's of Sons monitored children the same as Mother's of Daughters |
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Parenting Adolescents
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In general mother's and fathers show similar interactional styles with adolescents
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Findings from Studies on Fathering Adolescents
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Paternal Involvement is positively related to adolescent psychosocial adjustment
Father's influence sons and daughters values and beliefs about sports China - Paternal Warmth predicts social competence and academic achievement |
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Functions of Friendship
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Validation
Self-esteem Affection Self-disclosure Sensitivity Modelling relationships Instrumental aid Alliances Companionship Support Experimentation Learning Non-family base |
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Hartup
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The identity of one’s friends & friendship quality are significant in predicting differences in developmental outcome
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In Early Childhood
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children’s social understanding is correlated with cooperative pretend play with sibs & friends
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In Middle Childhood
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Sibling support can buffer anxious & socially isolated children
friendships outside the family may diminish sibling closeness effects of gender & birth order: 1st-born boys report less warmth & intimacy with their younger sisters than 1st-born girls. |
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Youth Culture Components
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Image –dress, hairstyle, piercings, other aspects of appearance
Demeanour – distinctive forms of gesture, gait, posture Argot – certain vocabulary and way of speaking |
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Functions of Peer Group
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Share experiences
Develop norms Work out roles Self-exploration Transitional group Equal footing, non-hierarchical Group identity |
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Two types of unpopular, or disliked, adolescents
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- Rejected Type: Aggressive, fights with other students
- Neglected Type : Withdrawn, exceedingly shy, timid, and inhibited |
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Clique
Structure of Peer Groups |
Small groups of friends who know each other well, do things together, and form a regular social group
Similarity is one basis for formation - Same sex, age, class in school, ethnic background, SES, neighbourhood Shared interests is another |
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Crowd
Structure of Peer Groups |
Larger, reputation-based groups of adolescents who are not necessarily friends and do not necessarily spend time together
Facilitates identity development Fit in with supportive group Structure social interaction |
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Formal reward system
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Involvement in institutions controlled by adults, such as school and extracurricular activities
Academic achievement Promotion of the school mission and values Compliance to adult authority |
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Informal reward system
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Teen culture
Peer status |
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Structure of Adolescent Crowds
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Over the course of adolescence, the crowd structure becomes more differentiated, more permeable, and less hierarchical, allowing adolescents more freedom to change crowds and enhance their status
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% of stay at home Father's
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3.4% stay at home while mother works
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Single People Compared to Married Counterparts in the workplace
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Single women work more than married women
Single men work less than married men |
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Division of the day spent on unpaid/paid work
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Women spend more time on unpaid than paid work
Men spend more time on paid work than unpaid work Total of work hours is similar between men and women |
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Men and Housework
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Men do more than in the past - currently 30% of housework
Lack Initiative - but will help when asked |
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Predictors of Men Helping at home
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Motivation – have to want to
Support – others encourage him Skills – have to know how Fewer structural barriers – work schedules |
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Australian statistics collected through 2006
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Males spent an average of 2 hours and 34 minutes a week on childcare
Females spent an average of 6 hours and 53 minutes on childcare Both men and women’s hours of childcare have increased since 1992 - By approximately 1 hour |
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Working Mothers
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women’s hours spent working does not reduce hours spent in childcare
quality of childcare does not decrease Working mothers spend almost as much time as non working mothers in childcare (Time is taken from other areas) Mothers have more knowledge than fathers, even when they work full time |
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Parent's Knowledge of Child
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- Hours the mother works - not related to knowledge of child
- Fathers’ knowledge is greater if mother works more hours - Father often knows more about sons than daughters - As child gets older, both mother and father know less |
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Gender Pay Gap in Australia
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The gender pay gap was 18% in Australia in 2010
WA has the largest gender pay gap of any Australian state - 26% Highest annual wages are in male dominated professions Female dominated areas tend to be lower earning jobs A large proportion of the gender pay gap is associated with being in feminised work |
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Female Dominated Areas of Work
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Often cater to part-time needs
Men still usually occupy the managerial roles |
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Status-based career satisfiers
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Salary
Highly regarded Promotion |
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Socio-emotional career satisfiers
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Teamwork
Interpersonal relations Supportive environment (Family-life Accommodations) |
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Differences in Male and Female Managers
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Male managers prefer status-based career satisfiers
Female managers prefer socio-emotional career satisfiers |
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Hakim - 3 Types of Women
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Home-centred (20% of women)
Adaptive (60% of women) Work-centred (20% of women) |
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Critiques of Hakim’s definitions
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- Choice as a problematic level of explanation
- Needs to incorporate unpaid work - Ignores variability of women - Ignores changes over time - Ignores real restraints and opportunities that can affect the direction peoples' lives take - Needs to incorporate social structures |
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Macro Level of opportunities/constraints of Women in the workplace
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Labour market demand
More substitute care available Societal changes leading to less housework Social norms |
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Micro Level of opportunities/constraints of Women in the workplace
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Education and work experience
Economic need Number and age of dependants Substitute care Perceived rewards of work Partner |
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Critiques of Gerson’s work
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Still a dichotomy of traditional and non-traditional
(Often not so black and white) What about women who want both? (Career and children -Does this mean women can’t really ‘have it all’?) Overall, a more comprehensive model yet still reductionist of the woman’s experience |
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Gersen - Traditional Women compared to Non-Traditional Women
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Compared domestic women to working mothers along 2 dimensions:
- Early childhood expectations (Traditional/ Non-Traditional) about life goals - Real constraints and opportunities |
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Expectations of a good mother
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- Full time carer
- Fully satisfied and fulfilled by domestic responsibilities - Mothers often left feeling guilty if they can’t maintain the expectations of the ‘good mother’ |
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exhaustion effect
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Mothers (stay-at-home and breadwinner)consistently report higher levels of stress and exhaustion than their spouses
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inequity effect
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Low participation of male partner leads to female partner dissatisfaction
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Positive Effects from Staying at home
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Profound sense of intimacy with their children
High levels of self esteem, satisfaction with marriage Avoids the stress of work-life balance Avoids guilt of missing time with children |
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Negative Effects from Staying at home
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More dependency, feel underappreciated
More frustration, less patience with children Negative perceptions – ‘wasting education’ Sometimes leads to social isolation, depression Especially when ‘opting out |
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Glass Ceiling
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top roles are predominantly held by men
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Predictors of adjustment to the Stay-at-home Father Role
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Strong social support
High parenting self-efficacy Low conformity to traditional masculine norms |
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Stay-at-home Father's on Child Development
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Can help reduce the frequency of behavioural problems in boys
Can help language and cognitive development Can help social skills These benefits may increase over time However, children may face social consequences Sons are more likely to exhibit socio-emotional behavioural problems by age 5 BUT daughters in male-breadwinner households more likely to have difficulties by age 5 |
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Working Mother Effects on Children
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Varying research suggests that there are no consistent effects
Employment of mothers has little to no direct effect on children Mediators may be more important |
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Mediators that may influence the effects of the working mother on children
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Day-care quality
Child characteristics Family characteristics Family income Parental education Other family characteristics (Hoffman & Youngblade, 1999) Mother’s/father’s sense of well-being Parents’ child-rearing behaviours and patterns Gender of child |
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Start up of Conflict in Homosexual Couples
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greater postivity,
greater acceptance less belligerent less dominering less fear less whining less sadness less tension more affection more humor more joy and excitement compared to Heterosexual couples |
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Influences on Married Couples
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the structure and experience of couples is influenced at any moment in time by a combination of Micro and Macrolevel factors
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Intergenerational Connectedness
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adopting themes that have been central to the family of origin
willingness to remain identified with and connected to past family experiences |
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Role
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shared prescriptions for behaviours associated with a social position
provide predictability and enable others with whom they interact, to anticipate behaviour and maintain order and regularity of social interactions. |
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Conjugal Role
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the prescriptions for behaviour associated with the social position of a spouse
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Counter Roles
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Each role carries with it expectations for behaviour that superimpose expectations for behaviour on the other in the counter position.
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Transition to Marriage
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Conflict, Stress and Dissatisfaction ensue - when one partner's expectations and behaviour are not consistent with the other partner's expectations and behaviour
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Role Conflict
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lack of role clarity and consensus about how roles should be enacted creates the stress, which brings with it the need for negotiations
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Same-sex relationships (Homosexual Couples)
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More Negotiation and Bargaining is needed in Transition to Marriage in this Type of Couple
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Conjugal Identity
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the unique attributes, traits, characteristics associated with each individual as a spouse within the marriage
facilitate the predictability and ease of interaction between marital partners |
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Couple Identity
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Congruence between each Conjugal Identity is one aspect of establishing a clearly defined....
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After Marriage
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the almost exclusive focus on the relationship tends to decline - replaced with greater interest in establishing boundaries that also enable each partner to maintain an identity and interests that are separate from the relationship
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Socialisation
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Women are often assumed to have more expertise in domestic chores
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Marital Sexual Script
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blueprint for sexual activity
encompasses a wide range of motives and behaviours that guide how we act in sexual situations behavioural aspect (sexual activites that are acceptable in the relationship) When, Where and how frequently it is appropriate to have sex |
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Conflict
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Can occur whenever one spouse's desires or expectations are incompatible with those of the other
Caused by the alterations in the couple's established strategies |
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Transition to Parenthood
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Points of Conflict
-Division of Labour -Money -Work -their Relationship -Social Life |
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Transition to Parenthood
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Wife measures what a husband does against what she does
Husband measures what he does against what his own father did |
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Principle reason parents touch less
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New Parents Touch Less frequently because they feel less connected and less in tune with each other.
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Male Self-focus
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Man's emotional energy and attention all too frequently tend to flow inward toward his own concerns and needs
can leave women feeling lonely and estranged |
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Social Isolation - Transition to Parenthood
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Work Protects Men from desperate isolation that many women feel
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Parenthood and Maturity
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Men feel more responsible about work
Women feel they behave more sensibly |
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Nurturant attentiveness of new fathers
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Fathers and Mothers experience similar changes in hormonal levels (increasing levels of prolactin and cortisol) (decreased levels of testosterone and estradiol) around birth of infants
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Hormonal Changes
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Female Hormone Estrogen appears to make younger women more sensitive to infantile cuteness than meb or menopausal women
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Parents with infants
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Both Mothers and Fathers were better at touching their infants hands than by touching their faces
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Schoppe-Sullivan et al. (2006) study
Parents and 1 year old childen |
Mothers and Fathers were same in regards to sensitivity towards 1 year old sons
BUT Mothers were more sensitive to Daughters than Sons compared to Fathers |
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Father-Child Relationship
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Father's who had loving and secure relationships in childhood - were more sensitivr, attentive and involved than fathers who recalled poor relationships in childhood
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Father -Child relationship
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Pre-school years represent a peak in levels of father-child interaction - decline in the elementary school period.
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Parents and Infants
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Mothers engaged in more pretend play with their daughters
Fathers engaged in more physical play with sons |
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Authoriative Parenting
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encourage independence
use rational explanation sensitive to and facilitate their children's changing sense of self allow themselves to learn from child maximise postive impact balance reasoning and punishment Used more with Daughters |
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Authoritarian Parenting
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Value Obedience
recommend forceful imposition of parent's will. used more with Sons |
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Permissive Parenting
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believe they should not be intrusive but available
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Non-conformist parenting
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Opposed to authority
however - less passive than permissive parenting and exert more control |
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Stage 1
Dunphy Study - Peer Groups |
Pre-Crowd
Isolate Unisex Cliques |
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Stage 2
Dunphy Study - Peer Groups |
Beginning of the crowd
Unisex cliques in group-to-group interaction |
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Stage 3
Dunphy Study - Peer Groups |
the crowd in structural transition
Unisex cliques with upper status members forming heterosexual clique |
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Stage 4
Dunphy Study - Peer Groups |
Fully developed Crowd
Heterosexual Cliques in close association |
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Stage 5
Dunphy Study - Peer Groups |
Begining of Crowd Disintegration
Loosely associated groups of couples |
