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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Motion
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useful for object perception and recognition
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Corollary Discharge Theory
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compare eye movement command with movement on Retina
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Lateral Inhibition
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reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in neighbouring neuron. Antagonistic neural interaction.
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Simple Cell
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Clearly defined excitatory and inhibitory regions.
responds to exact location of a stimulus. bar shaped or edge shaped receptive fields. |
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Complex Cell
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Phase Insensitive
Characteristics cannot be easily predicted. responds to pattern of light in a particular orientation. (vertical bar anywhere in its large receptive field). responds strongly to a moving stimulus. |
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Retinal Disparity
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2 different visual images , one from each eye.
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Acuity
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level that you are able to distinguish between different patterns of light and intensities.
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Sensitivity
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ability to detect low levels of light
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Trichromatic Theory
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perceive colour through the relative rates of response by 3 kinds of cones. (Blue, Green, Red).
colour is defined by the relationships of the outputs of 3 cones. |
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Opponent-Process Theory
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Perceive colour in terms of opposites. (Red-Green)
(Blue-Yellow), (Black-White). creates negative colour after-images |
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Distant Vision
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don't need as much refraction to bring objects into focus
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Close Vision
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Requires more refraction for focusing light - light rays from close objects diverge.
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Proximity
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Gestalt Principle
tendency of 2 features to group will increase when the distance between them decreases. |
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Parallellism
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Parallel contours are likely to belong to the same figure
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Symmetry
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Symmetrical Regions are more likely to be seen as a figure.
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Accidental Viewpoint
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Viewing Position that produces some regularity in the visual image that is not present in the world. this image is perceived incorrectly and produces an illusion that differs from reality.
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Global Superiority Effect
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properties of the whole object, take precedence over the properties of parts of the object.
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Relatability Heuristic
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degree to which two ling segments appear to be part of the same contour
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Bayesian Approach
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Perception is the combination of current stimulus and our knowledge about conditions in the world. What is and not likely to occur
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low level vision
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extracts basic features from image
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Middle Vision
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combines basic features from an image into groups, that we can recognise as objects
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High Level Vision
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Object recognition; scene understanding
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Structuralist View
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Perception is the sum of sensory parts
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Gestalt Theory
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perception occurs from a set of organising principles/rules that describe the visual system's interpretation of the raw retinal image.
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good continuation
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Gestalt Principle
2 elements will tend to group if they seem to lie on the same contour. |
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Similarity
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Gestalt Principle
tendency of 2 features to group will increases as the similarity between the features increases (size, shape, colour, orientation). |
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Focus of expansion
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place in visual field that is stationary.
point in the centre of the horizon, where all points seem to emanate. |
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Smooth Pursuit
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Voluntary eye movement in which the eyes move smoothly following a moving object.
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Superior Colliculus
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Midbrain structure
important for initiating and guiding eye movements |
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Microsaccade
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involuntary, small jerklike eye movement
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Vergence
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Eye movement
Eyes move in opposite directions |
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Convergence
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Eyes turned inward toward nose
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Divergence
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Eyes turned outward away from nose
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Saccade
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Involuntary and voluntary eye movement
Eyes rapidly change fixation from object or location to another (reading). |
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Akinetopsia
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Inability to perceive motion
rare condition |
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Motion After-effect
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Illusion of motion of a stationary object after prolonged exposure to a moving object.
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Apparent Motion
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Illusory impression of smooth motion resulting from the rapid alternation of objects that appear in different locations in rapid succession (Flip book).
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Aperture Problem
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A moving object viewed through a visual field (window), the direction of motion of a local feature or part of the object may be ambiguous.
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Middle Temporal Area (MT)
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Brain Structure important in perception of motion.
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Optic Array
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Collection of light rays that interact with objects in the world that are in front of a viewer.
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Super Tasters
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People who have the most tastebuds
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Non-Tasters
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People who have the least tastebuds
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Specific Hungers Theory
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Deficiency of a given nutrient, produces a craving for that nutrient. (salty or sweet).
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Flavour
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combination of taste and retronasal olfaction
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Bitter Taste
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Innate Poison detection System
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Sweet Taste
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Innate ability that enables us to respond to glucose, fructose, sucrose
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Salty Taste
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Innate ability that enables us to identify sodium
(important for nerve conduction and muscle function). |
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Sour Taste
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Permits us to avoid acids in concentrations that might injure tissue
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Umami
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Suggested 5th Basic Taste
detects Protein Some people like it/ Some do not. |
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Olfaction
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Sense of Smell
Ipsalteral Sense - Left nostril to Left side of brain |
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Odor
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Smell Sensation
translation of a chemical stimulus into a smell sensation banana odor;chocolate odor; orange odor |
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Odorant
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Molecule
Chemical Stimulus |
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Cribriform Plate
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bony structure level to eyebrows
separates nose from brain axons from olfactory sensory neurons pass through to enter brain |
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Retinitis Pigmentosa
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Affects Pigment Epithelium - nutrition support for photoreceptors - can't live long without it
Genetic; hereditory disorder |
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Retinal Eccentricity
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distance from Fovea
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Convergence (Neural)
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Multiple photoreceptors funelling down to one ganglion cell.
More Sensitivity- Less Acuity High Occurence in Periphery |
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Binaral Rivalry
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2 different odors presented to different nostrils, alternate in our ability to smell one odor at a time
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Staircase Method
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Method of limits
concentration of a stimulus required for detection at the threshold level. |
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Principle of Univariance
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a visual receptor cell can be excited by different combinations of wavelength and intensity
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Brightness
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intensity of the light
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Saturation
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amount of Hue
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metamer
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mixtures of different wavelengths that look identical.
Physically different combinations of light energy can result in perceptually identical colours 1 Yellow Light vs. Red & Green Light combined (Yellow) |
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Achromatopisa
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Cannot see Clour; only Black, White & Grey
due to Cortical Damage (Cones are still intact; preserved acuity) vision is still intact cannot process colour |
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Hereditary Achromatopsia
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No colour info transmitted to brain
Lack of Cones reduced acuity |
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Disability
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umbrella term
- impairment -Activity Limitation -Participation Restriction |
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Participation Restriction
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Reduction in degree of participation in a community expected of a person without an impairment.
created or increased by cultural factors. caused by extent of impairment, personal factors, environmental factors. |
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Medical Model
(Disability) |
Views Disability as a Person-based Problem
due to disease or other health condition emphasises need to cure or minimise impairment (hearing aids) |
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Social Model
(Disability) |
Views Disability as a Community- based problem
due to lack of integration of that person within society Don't need curing; not impairments but rather a physiological difference need to change culutral arangements |
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Causes of Blindness in Australia
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1) Macular Degeneration
2) Glaucoma 3) Cataracts |
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Causes of Blindness Globally
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1) Cataracts
2) Glaucoma 3) Macular Degeneration |
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Legal Blindness
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Visual Acuity less than 6/60
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Visual Acuity
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1) Ability to clearly see a visual object
2) Extent and location of visual field loss |
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Low Vision
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Visual Acuity less than 6/12
Sight is limited or impaired cannot be corrected with glasses |
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Amblyopia
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Lazy Eye
visual acuity in one eye is greatly reduced. |
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Conductive Hearing Loss
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Second Most Common Type of Hearing Loss
caused by: glue ear, build up of ear wax use hearing aids to reduce it |
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Sensorineural Hearing Loss
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Most Common Type of Hearing Loss
due to Choclea Damage or neural damage due to Ageing, Noise Exposure hearing aids are effective |
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Acoustic Trauma
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Sudden Aural Damage
caused by short term exposure or a single exposure (explosions, fireworks, gunfire). |
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Tinnitus
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ringing in the ear or other sounds in the absence of any external sound source
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Hearing Aids
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Distinguishes probable sound from background 'noise'
amplifies probable sound however - still trouble with 'noise'. |
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Achromatic
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Colour that lacks a chromatic (hue)
e.g Black, White, Grey |
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Adapting Stimulus
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A stimulus whose removal produces a change in visual perception
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Neutral Point
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Point at which an opponent colour mechanism (Red-Green) is generating no signal. Appears Achromatic
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Negative After-image
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An After image whose polarity is the opposite of the original stimulus (illusory colour afterwards)
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Anomia
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Can see and recognise BUT Inability to NAME OBJECTS
inability to name colours picks the banana that looks right but cannot report that the banana is or should be yellow. |
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Cultural Relativism
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Basic perceptual experiences may be somewhat determined by cultural experiences.
'basic' colour terms differ across cultures |
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Un-related colour
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colour that can be experienced in isolation
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related colour
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a colour (grey, brown) that is seen only in relation to other colours.
grey can only be seen when other nearby objects are lighter. A grey patch in complete darkness appears white. |
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Perception
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Conscious Sensory Experience
psychological processes in which Meaning, Context, Judgement, Past Experience and Memory are used to construct a representation of the experience. |
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Additive Colour Operation
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Adding Colour, mixing of lights
Red & Green = Yellow |
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Subtractive Colour Operation
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Removing Colour, mixing pigments
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Emission of Light
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causes Colour
Presenting light that only has energy at one particular wavelength or a few wavelengths |
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Absorption of Light
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Causes Colour
Absorb wavelengths of a particular energy and reflect another (Tree Leaves - absorb small and long wavelengths- reflect med wavelengths) |
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Diffraction of Light
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Causes Colour
Breaks light up into different spectrums. (Rainbow) |
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Refraction of Light
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Causes Colour
bending light - direction of light |
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Binocular Summation
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combination of signal from each eye - makes performance on many tasks better with both eyes
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Binocular disparity
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differences between the retinal images of the same scene
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Stereopsis
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Ability to use binocular disparity as a cue to depth
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Monocular depth cue
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Depth cue available even when the world is viewed with one eye alone.
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Binocular Depth Cue
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Depth Cue that relies on information from both eyes
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Texture Gradient
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Items of the same size form smaller images when they are farther away.
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Relative Height
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Objects farther away will be seen as higher in the image
objects at different distances will form images at different heights in the retinal image |
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Familiar Size
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Depth cue based on knowledge of the typical size of objects
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Aerial Perspective
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Objects further away are subject to more scatter and appear faint, less distinct and hazy
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Linear Perspective
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Depth cue
Lines that are parallel will appear to converge in a 2D image in the horizon at the Vanishing Point. |
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Anamorphic Art
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based on Accidental Viewpoint
Flat image that looks 3D, when viewed from the correct position (Accidental Viewpoint) |
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Motion Parallax
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When an observer moves, the apparent relative motion of several stationary objects against a background gives hints about their relative distance. This effect can be seen clearly when driving in a car. Nearby things pass quickly, while far off objects appear stationary.
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Stereoacuity
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A measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth.
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Sensation
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things in the enviornment that stimulate our sensory organs.
What we see, hear, taste, feel, smell |
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Perception
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Interpretation of sensory stimuli
making sense of the environment/ sensations |
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Kinetic Depth Effect
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the ability to see the 3D structure of moving objects, such as dancing humans, when all that is visible are a handful of moving dots.
information projected onto a 2D screen provides the illusion of 3D structure provided the projected information is dynamic (moving object). illusion in the sense that the direction of rotation of the experienced 3D structure would reverse while watching. the 3D structural form of a 2D object can be perceived when the object is moving |
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Limbic System
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central brain network that contains structures that process olfactory information
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Graded Potential
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Occurs before an action potential
released by a photorecptor to the ganglion cell. Can only carry for a short distance - get weaker the further they travel. |
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Action Potential
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released by a ganglion cell through the optic nerve to the brain.
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Taste
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Sensation produced when a substance in the mouth reacts chemically with taste receptor cells.
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