Mid Term Cards

Front 1

Osteogenic Cell

Back 1

Stem cell

Also called osteoprogenitor cell. Mitotically active stem cells found in the Peroisteum.

Some of their daughter cells turn into osteoblasts while others stay stem cells.

Front 2

Osteoblasts

Back 2

Matrix synthesized cell responsible for bone growth. Bone forming

Front 3

Osteocyte

Back 3

Mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix.

Occupy lacunae.

Cell to cell relays allow nutrients and transfer between cells through gap junctions.

Maintain the bone matrix

Act as stress or strain sensors

Front 4

Osteoclast

Back 4

Bone resorbing cell

Bone reabsorption

Secretes lysosomal enzymes

The may phagotize the demineralized product and dead osteocytes

Front 5

Bone matrix organic component

Back 5

Osteoid is the organic component and makes up about 1/3 of the matrix

Osteoid is composed of ground substance (which is ptoteoglycans and glycoprotien) and collagen fibers

Collagen contributes to the bones structure and also it tensile strength and flexibility. Sacrificial bonds between collagen fibers are what make bone have such high tensile strength

Front 6

Bone matrix inorganic component

Back 6

65% of mass

Consists of hydroxy apatite of mineral salts

Mostly calcium phosphates they are needle like structures that are packed tightly in and around the collagen fibers.

Front 7

Long bones

Back 7

Longer than wide. It has a shafts plus two ends

All limb bones except thenpatella,wrist and ankle bones are long bones.

Notice the phalanx especially are long bones. Long bones are names of their shape not their size

Example:humerus

Front 8

Short bone

Back 8

Are roughly cube shaped. Examples wrist and ankle.

Sessamoid ate special sorry bones that are in tendons. Like the patella. Some of their purpose it to directly effect the pull of a tendon. Others purpose is unknown.

Example: talus

Front 9

Flat bone

Back 9

Are thin , flattened and usually bit curved. Examples include sternum, scapulae, ribs and most skull bones.

Front 10

Irregular bone.

Back 10

Have complicated shape that does not fit into any of the other classes. Examples hip bone and vertebrae

Front 11

Compact bone

Back 11

The structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon.

The rings in the osteon give the bone it's tensile strength

Dense and otganized, it has a look of solid but has many canals.

Front 12

Spongy bone

Back 12

Contains red marrow.

Trabeculae align precisely along lines of stress

Only a few cells thick the Trabeculae contain irregularly arraigned lamellae and osteocytes connected be canaliculi

No osteon are present

Front 13

Osteon

Back 13

A tiny weight bearing pillar

A group of hallow tunes one placed outside the other like rings on a tree trunk called lamella.

Collagen fibers run a single direction in the lamella but different direction in each lamella

Osteocytes occupy the lacunae

Front 14

Endochondral bone formation

Back 14

Bone development by replacing hyaline cartilage with bone.

Except clavicle all bone of skeleton below base if skull firm this way.

More complex than intramembranous because the cartilage must be broken as issificatuon proceeds.

Front 15

Endochondral bone formation steps

Back 15

1.bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage model.

2. Cartilage on the center of diaphsis calcified and then develops cavities.

3. The peristaltic bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form

4. The diaphsis elongated cavity forms as issification continues. Secondary ossification centers appear on the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5.

5. The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyses plates and articular cartilage

Front 16

Blood calcium levels

Back 16

Muscle contractions require calcium

Excercise depletes the blood level of calcium.

Which triggers the feedback loop to dissolve more bine to put calcium in the blood.

Calcium homeostasis in the blood is 9-11mg per 100ml

The body will sacrificial bine to maintain blood levels

Front 17

Flexion

Back 17

Along sagittal plane.

Decrease angle

Examples: bending leg or trunk of body

Front 18

Extension

Back 18

Reverse of extension.

Increase angle sagittal plane.

Straighten leg or body trunk.

Front 19

Abduction

Back 19

Away from body.

Fingers and toes means spread apart

Front 20

Adduction

Back 20

Towards body

Front 21

Circumduction

Back 21

Cone in space

Pitcher winding up

Hip and shoulder

Front 22

Rotation

Back 22

Turning bone around its own axis

Like turning the head by the first to vertebrae

Lateral rotation turning out

Medial rotation turning in. Think pigeon toe

Front 23

Synarthroses

Back 23

Immovable joints

Front 24

Amphiarthroses

Back 24

Slightly movable

Front 25

Diarthroses

Back 25

Freely movable joint

Front 26

Synostoses

Back 26

Closed sutures

Bony junction

Front 27

Syndesmoses

Back 27

Bones connected exclusive by ligaments

Front 28

Gomphoses

Back 28

Peg in socket joint. Tooth

Front 29

Synchrondroses

Back 29

Hyland cartilage unites bones.

Front 30

Symphyses

Back 30

Fibrocartilage unite bine. Grown together.

Front 31

Synovial joint

Back 31

Diarthroses joint

Front 32

Inversion

Back 32

Turns sole medially

Front 33

Eversion

Back 33

Walking on big to side of foot turns foot outward

Front 34

Not part of pelvic girdle

Back 34

Femur

Front 35

Pisifom bone

Back 35

Wrist

Front 36

Sinus are not found in

Back 36

Mandible

Front 37

The 11 and 12 ribs are called floating because they lack

Back 37

An anterior attachment to the sternum

Front 38

The foramen magnum would be found in the -------- bone

Back 38

Occipital

Front 39

The olacron process would be found in the:

Back 39

Ulna

Front 40

Is not part of the axial division of the skeletal system.

Back 40

Pectoral girdle

Front 41

The name of the heel bone

Back 41

Calcaneus

Front 42

The crista gall os a projection from this bone:

Back 42

Ethmoid

Front 43

At its distal end the femur articulates with the :

Back 43

Tibia

Front 44

How many regions of the vertebral colum are there:

Back 44

5

Front 45

It receives the condyles of the mandible

Back 45

The temporal bone

Front 46

At high risk for ear infections

Back 46

The mastoid bone

Front 47

Contains sutures bones

Back 47

Lambdoid suture

Front 48

Common deformatie late childhood female.

Back 48

Scoliosis

Front 49

The c7 is called the vertebrae prominens because

Back 49

It's spinous process can be seen through the skin

Front 50

Has a joint space

Back 50

The knee

Front 51

Does not provide stability to a synovial joint

Back 51

Presence of bursae and tendon shelths

Front 52

The superstabalizer is:

Back 52

The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii

Front 53

Provides most stability to shoulder

Back 53

The ulnar trochlear notch

Front 54

Phases of mitosis

Back 54

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase,

Front 55

The five sections of the spine

Back 55

Cervical curvature c1 thru c7

Thoracic curvature t1 thru t12

Lumbar curvature. L1 thru L5

Sacral curvature five fused vertebrae

Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae