Mid Term Bio

Front 1

Atom

Back 1

Most Basic Unit of Matter

Front 2

element

Back 2

particular type of atom

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon

Front 3

Compound

Back 3

Substance formed of atoms

CO2 H2O

Front 4

Ionic Bond

Back 4

Where electrons are given or taken from types of atoms to form and electric bond

Front 5

Covalent Bond

Back 5

When atoms shair electrons

Front 6

Hydrogen Bond

Back 6

Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.

oxygen, nitrogen

Front 7

Cohesion

Back 7

Attraction among same molecules.

water beads, surface tension

Front 8

Adhesion

Back 8

Atraction among different molecules.

Front 9

Solution

Back 9

Mixture of Substances that is the same throughout

Front 10

Solvent

Back 10

Greater amount in a solution

Front 11

Solute

Back 11

lesser amount in a solution

Front 12

Acid

Back 12

A compound that releases a H+ ion in a solution of water. So there are more H+ ions in an acidic solution

Front 13

Base

Back 13

Removes an H+ ion. Low amounts of H+ions

Front 14

Monomer

Back 14

Each subunit in a linked molecule.

Front 15

Polymer

Back 15

All the monomers form a polymer.

Front 16

Carbohydrates

Back 16

Molecules composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen. Broken down into sugars and starches and used for energy.

Macromolecule

Front 17

Lipids

Back 17

Nonpolar molecules that include fats oils and cholesterol. Some fats for energy, other for cell structure.

Macromolecule

Front 18

Proteins

Back 18

For movement, eyesight and digestion.

Front 19

Nucleic Acids

Back 19

Genetic Information. DNA and RNA.

Front 20

Saturated Fatty Acid

Back 20

Carbon bonds are single bonds

Front 21

Unsaturated fatty acids

Back 21

Fats with atleast one carbon-carbon double bond

Front 22

Amino Acids

Back 22

Molecules that Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Front 23

Reactants

Back 23

Substance changed during a chemical reaction.

Before changed

Front 24

Poroducts

Back 24

Substances made by a chemical reaction.

after Changed

Front 25

Bond Energy

Back 25

amount of energy that will break a bong between two atoms

Front 26

Equillibrium

Back 26

When reactans and products are made at the same rate.

Front 27

Activation energy

Back 27

Amount of energy needed to be absorbed for a reaction to start

Front 28

Exothermic Chemical Reaction

Back 28

releases more energy then it absorbs

Front 29

Endothermic Chemical Reaction

Back 29

Absorbs more energy then it releases

Front 30

Catalyst

Back 30

Substance that decreases the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Front 31

Enzymes

Back 31

catalysts for chemical reation in living things. Enzymes are proteins

Front 32

Substrates

Back 32

The specific reactants that an enzyme acts on.

Front 33

Cell Theory

Back 33

-All organisms are made of cells
-All existing cells are produced by other living cells
-The cell is the most basic unit of life

Front 34

Cytoplasm

Back 34

Space in a cell, jellylike

Front 35

Organelles

Back 35

Structures specialized to perform distinct jobs

Front 36

Prokaryotic Cells

Back 36

-no nucleus
-no membrane-bound organelles
-DNA is in the cytoplasm
-All single celled organism

Front 37

Eukaryotic Cells

Back 37

-Nucleus
-Membrane Bound Organelles
-multicellular or single celled organisms
-Cytoskeleton

Front 38

Cytoskeleton

Back 38

Hold up the cell

Front 39

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 39

Production of proteins and lipids.

Eukaryotic

Front 40

Ribosomes

Back 40

Tiny organelles that link amino acids together to form PROTEIN

Front 41

Golgi Apparatus

Back 41

Process sort and deliver proteins

Front 42

Vescicles

Back 42

Transport pod for proteins
-divides materials

Front 43

Mitochonria

Back 43

Supply energy to the cell

Front 44

Vacuole

Back 44

fluid filled sac used for the storage of materials for a cell, water, food

Front 45

Lysosomes

Back 45

Defend a cell from invating bacteria. Cells bodyguards

Front 46

Centrioles

Back 46

Cylinder shaped organelles

Front 47

Chloroplasts

Back 47

Carry out photosynesis

Front 48

Phospholipid

Back 48

Antennas forming the cell membrane

Front 49

Selective Permeability

Back 49

Allows some, but not all materials to crass

Front 50

Receptor

Back 50

is protein that detects a signal molecule and binds with the molecule that is outside the cell

Front 51

Passive Transport

Back 51

movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration,

Front 52

Concentration Gradient

Back 52

The difference in the concentration of a substance from on place to another.

Front 53

Diffusion

Back 53

movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher to lower.

Front 54

Osmosis

Back 54

Diffusion of water

Front 55

Isotonic solution

Back 55

Same concentration of dissolved particles as the cell.

normal cell

Front 56

Hypertonic Solution

Back 56

Higher Concentration of dissolved particles then the cell.

smaller cell

Front 57

Hypotonic Solution

Back 57

Higher Concententration in the cell.

fat cell

Front 58

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 58

Protein Transport Diffusion

Front 59

Active Transport

Back 59

Energy used to move molecules from lower to higher concentrated areas.

Front 60

Endocytosis

Back 60

Cell membrane forms a pocket to take in materials.

Front 61

Phagocytosis

Back 61

Endocytosis but for big particles

Front 62

Exocytosis

Back 62

Opposite of endocytosis

Front 63

Grana

Back 63

Stacks of thylakoids

Front 64

Stroma

Back 64

space in the chloroplasts

Front 65

Thylakoid

Back 65

Where chlorophyll is contained

Front 66

Light Dependent

Back 66

Photosystem II and electron transport

Front 67

Light indepependent

Back 67

Calvin Cycle

Front 68

Photosystem II and Electron Transport

Back 68

1. Energy obsorbed from light
2. H20 is broken down and 2 electrons are stolen
3. Ions are transported through the thylakoid membrane
4. Photosystem I- more energy aabsorbed by sun
5. Electrons are added to form Nadp+ into Nadph
6.Hydrogen ions diffuse through a protein channel (ATP synthase) and form ATP

Front 69

Calvin Cycle

Back 69

1. Co2 molecules enter the cycle added to a 5 carbon molecule to form a 6.
2. Energy is added to split it into two three carbon molecules.
3. one of the three carbon molecules is high-energy so it leaves.
4. the other three carbon molecule goes back to stage 1 to form a 5 carbon molecule

Front 70

Cellular Respiration

Back 70

releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon based molecules to make atp when oxygen is present

Front 71

Aerobic Repiration

Back 71

oxygen is needed

Front 72

Glycolysis

Back 72

splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules making two atp

Front 73

Anaerobic

Back 73

oxygen is not needed

Front 74

Krebs Cycle + ELectron Transport = Cellular Respiration

Back 74

takes place in the matrix
1. Three carbon molecules from glycolysis enter CR
2. This forms ATP that is transported to the inner membrane for stage 2.
3. Energy from Glycolysis and 6O2 go through the inner membrane ande ATP is made.

heat and water is the waste product.

SUMMARY

C6H12O6 + 6O2 forms 6CO2 + 6H20

Front 75

Fermentation

Back 75

Glycolysis without O2, is allowed because of fermentation

Front 76

Lactic Acid

Back 76

When oxygen isnt present for after glycolysis the molecule can go through lactic acid fermentation

Front 77

Alcoholic fermentation

Back 77

Used by many yeasts and some types of plants

Front 78

The Cell Cycle

Back 78

G1 - checks standards of health, size, and need in cell division
Synthesis - Cell copys DNA
G2 - normal functions, little more growth, critical recognition
Mitosis - cell divides

Front 79

Histones

Back 79

Group your chromosome is with

Front 80

Chromatin

Back 80

Loose combination of DNA and Proteins

Front 81

Chromatid

Back 81

Half of a chromosome

Front 82

Telomere

Back 82

end of the chromosome

Front 83

Centromere

Back 83

Center of chromosome

Front 84

Mitosis

Back 84

Prophase- Nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes form
Metaphase- Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes and are aligned in the center
Anaphase- Chromatids separate to opposite sides of cell
Telophase- Nuclear membranes start to form. spindle falls apart

Front 85

Malignant Tumor

Back 85

Parts of the tumor release cells and they may get in your blood stream.

Front 86

Benign Tumor

Back 86

Cells stay compact. basically harmless

Front 87

Carcinogens

Back 87

Promote the growth of cancer

Front 88

Asexual Reproduction

Back 88

one parent

Front 89

Binary Fission

Back 89

Splitting of a single celled organism to form two single celled organisms.

Front 90

Tissues

Back 90

Groups of cells that work together to fulfill a specific function.

Front 91

Cell Differentiation

Back 91

When each cell uses only the specific DNA to perform their functions