Mid Term

Front 1

cohort

Back 1

a group defined by the shared age of its members, they experience the same historical events and cultural shifts

Front 2

correlation

Back 2

a number that indicates the degree of relationship between two variables

Front 3

cross-sectional research

Back 3

compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics

Front 4

cross-sequential research

Back 4

study several groups of people of different ages and then follow them over time

Front 5

emperical evidence

Back 5

evidence based on observation, experience, or experiment, not theory

Front 6

epigenetic

Back 6

refers to the effects of environmental forces on the expression of an individual or a species genetic inheritence

Front 7

ethnic group

Back 7

peoples who ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language, culture, and religion

Front 8

life span perspective

Back 8

an approach to the study of human development that takes into account all phases of the life, not just childhood or adulthood

Front 9

race

Back 9

people who are regarded by themselves or by others as distinct based on the skin color

Front 10

science of human development

Back 10

understand how and why people everywhere change over time

Front 11

sensitive period

Back 11

a certain type of development is more likely to happen or happens most easily although it still may happen later with more difficulty

Front 12

social construction

Back 12

concept created or constructed by society not an objective reality

Front 13

socioeconomic status

Back 13

a persons position in society as determined by income and wealth, occupation, education and place of residence

Front 14

Lev Vgosky

Back 14

1896-1934, leader in describing how cultures vary in the education they provide

Front 15

additive gene

Back 15

the affects add up to influence the phenotype. The phenotype usually reflects the contributions of every gene thats e=involved (hair color, height, etc)

Front 16

allele

Back 16

a variation that makes a gene different in some way from the other genes for the same characteristic

Front 17

anoxia

Back 17

a lack of oxygen that can cause the brain damage or death

Front 18

behavioral teratogens

Back 18

agents and conditions that can be harmful to the prenatal tone, respiratory effort up to 10

Front 19

couvade

Back 19

symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers

Front 20

extremely low birth weight

Back 20

less than 2 lbs

Front 21

gamete

Back 21

a reproductive cell that combine to make a zygote

Front 22

hispanic paradox

Back 22

babies born to immigrants are generally healthier than us born women in the same status

Front 23

dizygotic twins

Back 23

two separate ova are fertilized by 2 separate sperm at roughly the same time

Front 24

monozygotic twins

Back 24

originate from on zygote (identical)

Front 25

teratogen

Back 25

an agent or condition including viruses, drugs, and chemicals that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death

Front 26

cortex

Back 26

the outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals , most thinking, feeling, and sensing involves the cortex

Front 27

defered immitation

Back 27

an infant/toddler perceives someone preform an action then preforms that action hours or even days later

Front 28

head sparing

Back 28

a biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth. the brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition

Front 29

holophrase

Back 29

a single word that is used to express a complete, meaning full thought

Front 30

kwashiorkor

Back 30

a disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood in which protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases such as measles, diarrhea and influenza

Front 31

marasmus

Back 31

a disease of severe protein calorie malnutrition during early infancy in which growth stops, body tissues waste away and infant eventually dies

Front 32

mirror neurons

Back 32

cells in the observers brain that respond to an action preformed by someone else as if the observer were preforming the action

Front 33

pruning

Back 33

the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die

Front 34

synapses

Back 34

the intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another

Front 35

synaptic gap

Back 35

the pathway across which the neurotransmitters carry into from the axon of the sending neuron to the dendrites of another

Front 36

transient exuberance

Back 36

the great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that develop in an infants brain during the first two years of life

Front 37

Mary Ainsworth

Back 37

described mother infant relationships in central africa in 1967

Front 38

Erik Erikson

Back 38

psychosocial development, trust and autonomy

Front 39

cortisol

Back 39

the primary stress hormone

Front 40

social referencing

Back 40

seeking info about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambitious object or event by observing someone else expressions and reactions. other persons become a social reference

Front 41

strange situation

Back 41

a lab procedure for measuring attachment

Front 42

synchrony

Back 42

a coordinated rapid ans smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and infant

Front 43

temperment

Back 43

inborn differences between one person and another emotions, activity, and self regulation. It is measured by a persons typical responses to the environment

Front 44

working model

Back 44

a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences

Front 45

animism

Back 45

the belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive

Front 46

fast mapping

Back 46

the speedy and sometimes impressive way that children learn new words. they place words into mental categories according to their perceived meaning

Front 47

overimitation

Back 47

when a person imitates an action that is not a relevant part of the behavior to be learned. common among 2-6 year olds when the imitate an action that is irrelevant and inefficient

Front 48

preoperative intellegence

Back 48

pianist term for cognitive development between ages 2-6. it includes language and imagination. which involve symbiotic thoughts but logical operational thinking is not possible at this stage.

Front 49

Reggio Emilia

Back 49

an italian early childhood education program that encourages each childs creativity in a carefully designed setting.