End Of Year Exam 1614

Front 1

Origins of Exercise Physiology

Back 1

The origins of exercise physiology begin
with the influential Greek physicians of
antiquity

Front 2

General Goals of Science

Back 2

• Explanation
• Understanding
• Prediction
• Control

Front 3

Factors Affecting Relationships
Among Variables

Back 3

• Experimental testing effects
• Measurement errors
• Within-subject (intraindividual) variability
• Individual differences
• Hawthorne effect

Front 4

Laws

Back 4

Represent statements describing the
relationships among independent and
dependent variables

Front 5

Theories

Back 5

• Attempt to explain the fundamental nature
of laws
• Offer abstract explanations of laws and
facts
• Involve a more complex understanding
(and explanation) of variables than laws

Front 6

The Burden of Disproof

Back 6

• Experimentation represents the scientific
method for testing hypotheses
• Scientists either reject or fail to reject a
hypothesis
• Failure to reject does not indicate
confirmation or proof, only inability to
reject a hypothesis

Front 7

What is physical fitness?

Back 7

The ability to perform exercise and physical activity, and is usually divided into the following components:

Front 8

What is Exercise?

Back 8

A physical activity that is performed for the purpose of either improving, maintaining, or expressing a particular type(s) of physical fitness

Front 9

What is Physical Activity?

Back 9

•An activity performed for purposes other than the specific development of physical fitness

Front 10

Adaptations to Exercise

Back 10

Acute adaptations
– The changes in human physiology that occur during exercise or physical activity.
• Chronic Adaptations
– The alterations in the structure and functions of the body that occur in response to the regular
completion of physical activity and exercise

Front 11

Observations feed into laws which feed into theory

Back 11

True

Front 12

The key feature of experimental research is

Back 12

The ability to manipulate the test variable whilst controlling for all other variables

Front 13

Theories consist of several attributes that do include

Back 13

a. associations among constructs

b. hypothetical constructs

d. operational definitions

Front 14

Variables expressed in some dimension along a spectrum are described as continuous variables.

Back 14

True

Front 15

Leptin regulates appetite by affecting certain neurons in the hypothalamic region that simulates the production of chemicals that:

Back 15

Suppress appetite or reduce the levels of neurochemicals that stimulate appetite

Front 16

Leptin is not

Back 16

suppressed by ingestion of food

Front 17

A normal menstrual cycle would be most likely to occur when body fat is at this level or higher:

Back 17

c. 20%

Front 18

Overweight

Back 18

an overfat condition relative to other individuals of the same age or height despite the absence of accompanying body fat measures.

Front 19

Obesity

Back 19

the overfat condition that accompanies a constellation of comorbidities

Front 20

Overfat

Back 20

a condition in which body fat exceeds age- or sex-appropriate average by a predetermined amount

Front 21

The body component with the lowest density (0.90) is

Back 21

b. fat

Front 22

Increases in muscle that contribute to body mass displace more water than identical increases in adipose.

Back 22

False

Front 23

Reducation involves the donation of electrons

Back 23

False

Front 24

Oxidation involves the donation of electrons

Back 24

true

Front 25

Pyruvate from glycolysis combines with water to form Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen atoms. What happens next

Back 25

Hydrogen goes to the electron transport chain and is oxidised. This produces energy to power the reformation of ADP with Phosphates to form ATP with the help from ATPase.

Front 26

Rapid glycolysis describes the initial breakdown of the glucose substrate within the watery medium of the cell and plays a crucial role during physical activities that require maximal effort for up to 90 seconds in duration.

Back 26

true

Front 27

Hydrolysis of 1 mole of ATP yields this much free energy:

Back 27

7.3 kCal

Front 28

The energy cost for traveling the same distance running as compared to swimming is roughly

Back 28

25 percent

Front 29

Direct calirometry

Back 29

uses heat exchange in an insulated chamber to determine energy expenditure

Front 30

The final product of aerobic glycolysis is

Back 30

pyruvate

Front 31

Recovery oxygen uptake in the rapid phase

Back 31

replenishes high-energy phosphates

Front 32

The basal metabolic rate is

Back 32

dependent on age and sex

Front 33

Coenzymes, unlike enzymes, are catalysts.

Back 33

False

Front 34

Resting metabolism is least dependent on

Back 34

glycogen storage levels

Front 35

Where in the muscle cell does oxidation/reduction take place

Back 35

In the Mitochondria

Front 36

Explain the formation of lactate following glycolysis.

Back 36

When there is insufficient oxygen available, the NADH cannot oxidise the Hydrogens at a fast enough rate. Pyruvate, must take over and mop up the hydrogens to at least allow some ATP (fast glycolysis) to continue. When pyruvate combines with hydrogen it forms lactate.

Front 37

Body composition

Back 37

the body the body s’ relative amounts of fat mass and fat relative amounts of fat mass and fat-free mass (bone, water, muscle, connective and organ tissues, teeth)

Front 38

Fat mass (FM)

Back 38

extractible lipids from adipose tissue and otr tissues;

Front 39

Fat-free mass (FFM)

Back 39

is composed of all of the body's non-fat tissue
including bone, muscle, organs, and connective tissue.

Front 40

Types of Obesity

Back 40

Android = mainly men (heavier around the waist)

Gynoid= Main women (heavier around the hips)

Front 41

H+ ions are a by-product of anaerobic glycolysis and combine with pyruvate to form lactate

Back 41

True

Front 42

Recovery oxygen uptake in the rapid phase

Back 42

replenishes high-energy phosphates

Front 43

Cardiovascular drift:

Back 43

describes a gradual decrease in stroke volume during prolonged steady-rate exercise

Front 44

As part of the sympathetic nervous system, hormones epinephrine and norepeinephrine act to increase heart rate

Back 44

true

Front 45

Cardiac output =

Back 45

Stroke Volume multiplied by Heart rate

Front 46

Lactate shuttling between cells enables glycogenolysis (anaerobic breakdown of glucose) in one cell to supply other cells with fuel for oxidation

Back 46

true

Front 47

Oxygen deficit represents the difference between the total oxygen consumed during exercise and an additional amount that would have been consumed had a steady-rate aerobic metabolism occured immediately at the initiation of exercise.

Back 47

true

Front 48

Energy Substrates

Back 48

Muscle Glycogen
– Stored CHO in muscle (endogenous stores)
Plasma Glucose
– Ingested CHO’s / liver glycogen
Plasma FFA
– Breakdown of adipose tissue (lipolysis)
Muscle Triglycerides (IMTG)
– Stored fat in muscle

Front 49

Compared to fats carbohydrates

Back 49

have fewer kJ/gram

Front 50

An ergometer is equipment that accurately measures work

Back 50

True

Front 51

Acetyl Co A is reduced to form pyruvate before entering the citric acid cycle.

Back 51

False

Front 52

Around 70% of the energy generated in glycolysis is dissipated as heat, the rest contributes to synthesising ATP.

Back 52

True

Front 53

What percentage of potential energy from food nutrients trnasfers to high-energy compound ATP?

Back 53

40%

Front 54

Lactate

Back 54

Provides a source of energy during recovery

Front 55

ATP is used to power nerve transmissions, glandular secretions and digestion.

Back 55

True

Front 56

Lactate is formed when excess hydrogens from NADH combine with pyruvate (C3H4O3). Lactate's chemical formula is?

Back 56

C3H6O3

Front 57

“Bonking” or “hitting the wall” is a sensation endurance athletes can experience that most coincides to the depletion of

Back 57

glycogen

Front 58

The crossover concept describes the shift from ________ to _______ as exercise intensity increases?

Back 58

fats to carbohydrates

Front 59

Submaximal measures very accurately predict maximal performance due to the linear relationship between HR and workload.

Back 59

False

Front 60

The continual resynthesis of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation does not depend upon:

Back 60

the formation of lactate to remove excess hydrogen ions

Front 61

Carbohydrates contain more Kcal per gram than fats

Back 61

False

Front 62

During high intensity exercise of a short duration (<15 sec) the aerobic system is...

Back 62

contributing to the overall production of ATP in the body

Front 63

The energy system that yields the most ATP is?

Back 63

Lipolysis

Front 64

Plasma Fatty acid oxidation

Back 64

Contributes 85% of the energy when operating at 25% of aerobic capacity

Front 65

Nonessential amino acids are manufactured by the body

Back 65

true

Front 66

here amount of stored ATP in the body is?

Back 66

80-100grams

Front 67

Carbohydrate metabolism provides an essential pathway for the metabolism of lipids

Back 67

true

Front 68

This biochemical stores the greatest amount of energy in the body:

Back 68

Fatty Acids

Front 69

Which of the following is unlikely to be a cause of obesity

Back 69

Below average scores on a range of fitness tests including agility, vertical jump, speed and flexibility

Front 70

The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body

Back 70

false

Front 71

The capillaries are the high-pressure tubing that conducts oxygen-rich blood to the tissues.

Back 71

false

Front 72

Veins act as a storage reservoir for blood ready to return it to the system when needed.

Back 72

true

Front 73

Systolic blood pressure estimates the pressure generated by left ventricular contraction (systole) to move blood through the arterial system

Back 73

true

Front 74

Diastole represents the natural elastic recoil of the aorta and other arteries to provide a continuous head of pressure to move blood into the periphery.

Back 74

True

Front 75

Someone with a BP of 150 over 92 would have Stage 1 hypertension

Back 75

true

Front 76

Pooling of blood in the visceral organs and lower limbs during recovery reduces central blood volume, which contributes to lower blood pressure.

Back 76

True

Front 77

Parasympathetic activity increases heart rate and dilates coronary blood vessels

Back 77

false

Front 78

During vigorous exercise...

Back 78

Up to 85% of the total cardiac output goes to the muscles

Front 79

The Fick equation refers to VO2max = Max HR × Max a-vO2 difference

Back 79

false

Front 80

The ventilatory system eliminates CO2 and regulates hydrogen ion concentration

Back 80

true

Front 81

Exercise intensity or oxygen uptake where blood lactate begins to increase above a baseline level of about 4 mM·L-1 indicates the point of onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA).

Back 81

true

Front 82

Changes in endurance performance with training often relate more closely to training-induced changes in VO2max then they do for changes to the exercise level for OBLA.

Back 82

False

Front 83

The principle of diminishing returns suggests

Back 83

The longer and harder you train, the lower the relative performance gains

Front 84

Individuals who train their anaerobic system tolerate higher blood lactate levels and lower pH values then untrained counterparts.

Back 84

true

Front 85

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy refers to the growth of the left ventricle heart muscle as a chronic adaptation to exercise.

Back 85

true

Front 86

The specificity principle refers to detraining that occurs rapidly when a person quits his or her exercise training regime.

Back 86

false

Front 87

Aerobic training illicits significant changes to VO2 max in elite athletes

Back 87

false (hard to change Vo2 in elite edurance aths

Front 88

Overload is manipulated by adjusting the frequency and intensity, but not the duration of exercise

Back 88

false

Front 89

Integrated Regulation phases

Back 89

1: Neurogenic stimuli

2: Central Command

3: Peripheral Sensory Feedback Machanism

Front 90

Left Ventrical

Back 90

Stronger as it supplies oxygenated blood

Front 91

Right Ventrical

Back 91

Passes blood to lungs

Front 92

Cardiovascular system During exercise

Back 92

4-6 times coronary blood

Heart muscle relies on aerobic metabolism

Reduced blood flow to less active organs

Front 93

Training:

Back 93

The organised sequence of exercises that stimulates adaptations in anatomy and physiology

Front 94

Saed

Back 94

Specific adaptations to exercise demands

Front 95

Hyperplasia

Back 95

Increases in numbers of fibres (splitting)