Micro/talaro

Front 1

What is the glycocalyx composed of?

Back 1

It is usually composed of polysaccharides and appears as a network of fibers,a slime layer or a capsule much like the glycocalyx of procaryotes.

Front 2

Fungi and most algae have a thick rigid cell wall surrounding a cell membrane, whereas protozoa, a few algae, and all animal cells lack a cell wall and have only a cell membrane. TRUE/FALSE

Back 2

TRUE.

Front 3

Where are sterols found?

Back 3

In addition to phospholipids, eucaryotic membranes also contain sterols of various kinds. Sterols are different from phospholipids in both structure and behavior. This strenghthening feature is extremely important in cells that lack a cell wall.

Front 4

Rough endoplasmic reticulum appears rough because of large numbers of ribosomes partly attached to its membrane surface. TRUE/FALSE

Back 4

TRUE.

Front 5

What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 5

It is a closed tubular network without ribosomes that functions in nutrient processing and in synthesis and storage of non protein macromolecules such as lipids.

Front 6

What is the difference between microscopic and macroscopic fungi?

Back 6

The kingdom, or Myceteae is quite large. The app. 100,000 species of fungi can be divided into 2 groups. Macroscopic classifies mushrooms, puffballs and gill fungi. Microscopic fungi covers molds and yeasts.

Front 7

What are the two morphological types of microscopic fungi?

Back 7

Yeasts and Hyphae. A yeast cell is distinguished by its round to oval shape and by its mode of asexual production.

Front 8

Are fungi saprobes?

Back 8

Yes. They obtain substrates from the remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or acquatic habitats

Front 9

What is a mycelium?

Back 9

It is the intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold.

Front 10

In most fungi, the hyphae are divided into segments by cross walls or septa, a condition called septate. TRUE/FALSE

Back 10

TRUE.

Front 11

What is the nature of fungal septae?

Back 11

The nature of septa varies from solid partitions with no communication between compartments to partial walls with small pores that allow the flow of organelles and nutrients between adjacent compartments.

Front 12

Can indoor fungi give rise to medical problems?

Back 12

Yes. Common air contaminants as penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Stachybotrys. All have the capacity to give off airborne spores and toxins, that when inhaled, cause a whole spectrum of symptoms, often referred to as "sick building syndrome".

Front 13

What are vegetative hyphae/

Back 13

They are mycelia. They are responsible for the visible mass of growth that appears on the surface of a substrate and penetrates it to digest and absorb nutrients

Front 14

During development of a fungal colony, the vegetative hyphae give rise to structures called reproductive or fertile hyphae, which branch off vegetative mycelium. TRUE/FALSE

Back 14

TRUE. These hyphae are responsible for the production of fungal reproductive bodies called spores.

Front 15

What is the most general subdivision on how spores arise?

Back 15

Asexual spores are the products of mitotic division of a single parent cell, and sexual spores are formed through a process involving the fusing of two parental nuclei followed by meiosis.

Front 16

What are the two subtypes of asexual spore formation?

Back 16

Sporangiospores/Conidia.

Front 17

What is the difference between the two?

Back 17

Sporangiospores- are formed within a saclike head called a sporangium which is attached to a stalk, the sporangiophore. The sporangium ruptures eventually.
2. Conidia- are free spores not enclosed by a sac.

Front 18

Conidia are the most common asexual spores. TRUE/FALSE

Back 18

TRUE. Several forms of conidia are recognized.
Arthrospore/chlamydospore/blastospore/phialaspore/ and porospores.

Front 19

The majortiy of fungi produce sexual spores at some point. TRUE/FALSE

Back 19

TRUE.

Front 20

List the three most common sexual spores?

Back 20

1. Zygospores- create a diploid zygote(Rhizopus stolonifer, bread mold)
2. Ascospores- are created inside a fungal sac or ascus. They form haploid spores
Basidiospores- are haploid sexual spores formed on the outside of a clubbed shape cell called a basidium.

Front 21

What is the difference between 'perfect and imperfect" Amastigomycota fungi?

Back 21

Perfect-fungi that produce sexual and asexual spores. They are the; Zygomycota/Ascomycota/Basidiomycota.

Front 22

Are any of the Ascomycota pathogenic?

Back 22

Yes. Histoplasma, the cause of Ohio valley fever
Microsporum, cause of ringworm.
Penicillium and sacchromyces are species used for production of antibiotics and food respectively.
Pneumocystis(carinii) jiroveci, a pathogen of AIDS patients.

Front 23

Are there any pathogenic species that belong to Basidiomycota?

Back 23

Yes. Cryptococcus neoformans, causes an invasive systemic systemic infection in several organs, including the skin, brain and lungs.

Front 24

Are there any species of interest that belong to the imperfect amastigomycota?

Back 24

yes. This classification is referred to as Deuteromycota.
several human pathogens were originally placed in this group, especially Blastomyces and Microsporum.
Other species are Coccidioides immitis(valley fever) Candida albicans(yeast infections) Cladosporium(mildew fungus) Stachybotrus(toxic mold).

Front 25

Fungal cell walls give off chemical substances that can cause allergies.

Back 25

Yes. Aspergillus flavus, synthesizes a lethal poison called aflatoxin, which may cxause liver cancer.

Front 26

Algae, occur in unicellular, colonial and filamentous forms and the larger forms can possess tissues and simple organs. TRUE/FALSE

Back 26

TRUE.

Front 27

The most noticeable of algal organelles are the chloroplasts, which contain in addition to the green pigment chlorophyll, a number of other pigments that create the yellow, red, and brown coloration of some groups. TRUE/FALSE

Back 27

TRUE.

Front 28

Are algae ever pathogenic?

Back 28

generally not. Animal tissues would be rather inhospitable to algae. One exception is prototheca, an unusual non-photosynthetic alga, which has been associated with skin and and subcutaneous infections in humans and animals.

Front 29

Is there ever a medical threat from algae?

Back 29

It can be initiated by food poisoning. During certain seasons ofthe year, the overgrowth of these motile algae imparts a brilliant red color to the water(red tide) When intertidal animals feed, their bodies accumulate toxins given off by the algae that can persist for several months.

Front 30

What is "paralytic shellfish poisoning"?

Back 30

It is caused by eating exposed clams or other invertebrates. It is marked by severe neurological symptoms and can be fatal.

Front 31

What is Ciguatera?

Back 31

It is a serious intoxication caused by algal toxins that have accumulated in fish such as bass and mackeral. Cooking does not destroy the toxin, and there is no antodote.

Front 32

What is Pfeisteria piscidida?

Back 32

It is a toxic algal form. It was reported in fish and was later transmitted to humans. This species occurrs in atleast 20 forms. Both fish and humans develop neurological symptoms and bloody skin lesions. cause is from nutrient rich agricultural runoff.

Front 33

The protozoa constitute a very large group, about 65,000 species, although single celled have startling and complex properties. TRUE/FALSE

Back 33

TRUE.

Front 34

Where is endo and ectoplasm differentiated?

Back 34

In protozoan cells. They do not possess chloroplasts. The cytoplasm is divided into a clear outer layer called ectoplasm, and a granular inner region called endoplasm. Ectoplasm is involved in locomotion, endoplasm houses the nucleus, mitochondria and food vacuoles.

Front 35

protozoa are heterotrophic and usually require their food in a complex organic form. Free living species are scavengers(algae or live cells). TRUE/FALSE

Back 35

TRUE.

Front 36

Many protozoa can convert to a resistant, dormant stage called a cyst. TRUE/FALSE

Back 36

TRUE.

Front 37

What is their mode of locomotion?

Back 37

Except for the Apicomplexa, protozoa are motile by means of pseudopods, flagella or cilia.

Front 38

What is Trichomonas vaginalis?

Back 38

It is a protozoal flagellate, and causes a common sexually transmitted disease. It does not form cysts, and is more delicate, and must be transmitted by intimate contact. by example, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia form cysts and are readily transmitted in contaminated water.

Front 39

What is cryptosporidiosis?

Back 39

It is called by a single celled protozoan parasite named Cryptosporidium parvum. It takes 1-10 oocysts to cause disease. Its oocysts are resistant to disinfectants and recommended concentrations of chlorine. Oysters remove oocysts from contaminated waters and retain them on their gills and within their body.

Front 40

What are the 4 groups of important protozoa/

Back 40

1. Mastigophora(flagellated). They reproduce by syngamy,(longitudinal fission). Trypanosoma and Leishmania, are blood pathogens spread by insect vectors. Giardia and trichomonas are others.
2. Sarcodina(amoebas)-Most amoebas are free living. Entamoeba is one example of a pathogenic species.
3. Ciliaphora(ciliated)Most are harmless.
4. Apicomplexa- Motility is absent. Sporozoa produce sporozoites following sexual reproduction. plasmodium, causes 100 -300 million cases of malaria each year world wide. Toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis.

Front 41

What are Trypanosomes?

Back 41

They are pathogenic flagellates. they belong to the genus Trypanosoma. two important representatives are T. brucei and T. cruzi. T. cruzi causes Chagas' disease. It occurs in the blood and transmitted by blood sucking vectors.

Front 42

How is Chagas' disease spread/

Back 42

It requires a mammel and an insect.mammalian hosts are dogs, cats opposums, armadillos and foxes. the vector is the reduviid bug(kissing bug). It can be spread via pregnancy. the trypanosome trophozoite multiplies in the intestinal tract of the bug and is harbored in the feces. the trypanosomes multiply in muscle and WBCs.These cells may rupture and release other trophozoites.

Front 43

Regarding helminths, what are the recognized morphological forms?

Back 43

Two major groups are the flatworms and the roundworms(nematodes). The Flatworm group is subdivided into the cestodes or tapeworms and the Trematodes, or flukes.

Front 44

In Nematodes, the sexes are separate and usually different in appearance. TRUE/FALSE

Back 44

TRUE. In Trematodes, the sexes can be either separate or hermaphroditic. Cestodesd are generally hermaphroditic.

Front 45

A single female Ascaris can lay 200,000 eggs a day, and a large female can contain over 25,000,000 eggs at varying stages of development. TRUE/FALSE

Back 45

TRUE.