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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What arecommon signs and symptoms of encephalitis?
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Patients often present with meningeal signs, but encephalitis usually presents with behavioral/ personality changes, decreased consciousness, seizures and confusion.
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What are common causes of encephalitis?
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Arbovirus(most common), HSV and toxoplasma in HIV plasma.
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Arboviruses, which are spread from either mosquito or tick species, include which families of viruses?
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Flaviviruses(St. Louis encephalitis virus)(West Nile virus), togavirus, WEE, EEE, bunyavirus(California encephalitis virus, and reoviruses(Colorado tick fever).
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What species of viruses are the leading causes of epidemic viral encephalitis in the US?
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West nile virus(most common) and St. Louis enceph. virus)second most common.
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How often does encephalitis develop following West Nile virus infection?
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Estimated only 1 in 150 infections result in meningitis or encephalitis.
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How are birds involved in the spread and maintenance of West Nile virus?
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Birds typically develop sustained high levels of viremia but remain asymptomatic(some die from the disease). This helps spread and maintain a constant source of virus.
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What is the most important risk factor in predicting development of encephalitis, following infection with West Nile virus or St. Louis virus?
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Age. Elderly patients are significantly more likely to develop symptomatic infections.
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What is the most common cause of fatal sporadic encephalitis in the US?
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HSV-1 encephalitis
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Which HSV type causes encephalitis in neonates?
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HSV-2
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Which lobes of the brain are usually infected by HSV encephalitis and what is seen histologically?
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Hemorrhagic necrosis in the temporal and frontal lobes with Cowdry type A inclusions are pathognomonic of HSV encephalitis.
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What are the most common parynchemal brain lesios in AIDS patients?
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Toxoplasma encephalitis, HIV encephalopathy, primary central nervous system lymphoma, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
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What are the characteristic lesions in Toxoplasma encephalitis?
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Multiple ring enhancing lesions at the cortico- medullary junction.
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Which virus and to which family of viruses does it belong to, causes progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy?
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JC virus in the papovavirus family. JC virus infections affect about 90% of the general population but only reactivate with severe immunosuppression.
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What are the characteristic lesions of PML?
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Multiple bilateral hypodense or hypointense lesions correspond to areas of demyelination in the cortical white matter as a result of JC virus infection of oligodendrocytes.
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What species of protozoa causes meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients with dirty contact lenses?
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Acanthoamoeba
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What species of protozoa causes an extremely deadly meningoencephalitis that follows swimming in freash water during the summer?
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Naegleria fowleri causes 97% mortality in infected individuals, even young adults.
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