Chapter 1 Microbes In Our Lives Summary

Front 1

Are minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye.

Back 1

Micro (microorganisms)

Front 2

A group of microorganisms

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Bacteria, fungi(yeast n molds), protozoa, microscopic algae.

Front 3

What are the many other commercial applications for microorganisms?

Back 3

They are used in the synthesis of this chemical products:

Vitamins, organic acids, enzymes, acohol, many drug's,

Front 4

Microbes are used to make what biochemically?

Back 4

Acetone, butanol, vitamin b2 (riboflavin), vitamin b12 (cobalamin)

Front 5

Who discover and on what year the process in which acetone and butanol is made?

Back 5

Chaim Weizmann in 1914

Front 6

The food industries also use microbes for:

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Vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles, soy sauce, cheese, yogurt, bread, and alcohol beverages.

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Only a minority of microorganisms are:

Back 7

Pathogenic (disease-producing)

Front 8

Whats is the nomenclature system?

Back 8

The naming for organisms in use today(established in 1735 by Carolus Linneaus.

Front 9

What are the two nomenclature assign to each organism?

Back 9

The genus(plural:genera) and specific epithel (species name)

Front 10

are important in maintaining earth´s ecological balance.

Back 10

Microorganisms

Front 11

Some live in humans and other animals and are needed to maintain good health.

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Microoganisms

Front 12

Some are used to produce foods and chemicals.

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Microorganisms

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Some cause disease

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Microorganisms

Front 14

In a nomenclature system designed by Carolus Linnaeus (1735) each living organism is assigned to how any catagories

Back 14

Genus and Specific epithet (species)

Front 15

Honors public health Micrbiologist Daniel Salmon and is Found in the intestines

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Salmonella enterica (bacterium)

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Appearance of cells in chains (strepto-) and Forms pus (pyo-)

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Streptococcua pyogenes (bacterium)

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Fungus (-myces) that uses sugar (saccharo-) and makes beer (cerevisia)

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast)

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Tuftlike or paintbrush (penicill-) appearance microscopically

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Produces a yellow (chryso-) pigment

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corkscrew- (trypano; borer; soma-; body)

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Honors epidemiologist Oswaldo Cruz

Front 20

This is False concerning Microbes

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The primary role of microbes in the planet involves causing disease in animals and humans.

Front 21

How was disproving spontaneous generation associated with developing principles important to microbiology?

Back 21

Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks supported the concept that microbes in the air were responsible for contaminating nonliving matter.

Front 22

Is not phostosynthetic, has chitin in its cells walls, and absorbs organic nutrients from decomposing material in the environment. This organism would be classified as which of the following types of oganisms?

Back 22

Fungi

Front 23

The observations of Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek documenting the existence of microscopic cells formed the basis of what important theory?

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The Cell theory stating that all living things are composed of cells

Front 24

This is true about antibiotics

Back 24

In some cases, antibiotics are able to kill pathogenic microbes without harming human cells.

Front 25

This is true about microbes

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Gene expressions in bacteria is very similar to gene expressions in humans, which facilitates the use of bacteria in recombinant biotechnology and gene therapy.

Front 26

Bacteria are unicellular organisms. Because they have no nucleus, they cells are described as

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prokaryotic

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The 3 major basic shapes of bacteria are

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bacillus, coccus and spiral

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Most bacteria have what kind of wall

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peptidoglycan

Front 29

what are most bacterias divided by

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binary fission

Front 30

Bacteria may possess

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flagella

Front 31

What kind of cells are Archaea?

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Prokaryotic cells

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How do fungi obtain nutrients?

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by absorbing organic material from their environment

Front 33

Protozoa are unicellular also

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Eukaryotes

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How do Protozoa obtain norishment

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by absorption or ingestion through specialized structures.

Front 35

Algae are unicellular or multicellular Eukaryotes that obtain nourishment by

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phoosynthesis

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What are Virus?

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Noncellular entities that are parasites of cells

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what does Virus consist of?

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They consist of nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. An envelope may surround the coat.

Front 38

What are helminths?

Back 38

The principal groups of multicellular animal parasites that are flatworms and roundworms

Front 39

Who introduced the term cell in 1665?

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Robert Hooke

Front 40

Using a simple microscope, who was the first to observe a microorganism in 1673?

Back 40

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Front 41

Who demostrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat in 1668?

Back 41

Francesco Redi

Front 42

Who claimed that microoganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth in 1745?

Back 42

John Needham

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Who repeated Needham's experiment in 1765 suggesting that Needham's results were due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth?

Back 43

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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Who introduced the concept of biogenesis in 1858?

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Rudolf Virchow

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What is biogenesis?

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The concept were living cells can arise only from preexisting cells

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Who demostrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof of biogenesis in 1861?

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Louis Pasteur

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What did Pasteur's discoveries led to?

Back 47

The development of aseptic techniques used in laboratory and medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms.

Front 48

Who found that Yeast ferment sugars to alcohol and that bacteria can oxidize the alcohol to acetic acid?

Back 48

Louis Pasteur

Front 49

What do we call the heating process that is used to kill bacteria in some alcoholic beverages and milk?

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Pasteurization

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Who introduced the use of a disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to control infections in humans (1860's)?

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Joseph Lister

Front 51

Who proved that microorganisms cause disease?

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Robert Koch

Front 52

What is Koch's postules (1876)?

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A sequence of procedures that are used today to prove that a particular microorganism causes a particular disease.