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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How are mumps spread?
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Airborne droplets, salivary secretions, urin
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What is the classic sign of mumps?
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Swollen, painful parotid gland
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What vaccine is used against mumps?
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MMR, live attenuated vaccine
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What is a common name for Rubella?
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German measles
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How is Rubella spread?
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droplet infection
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Why is infection with Rubella during pregnancy a concern?
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Congenital rubella --> cataracts, MR, deafness
High mortality rate in utero |
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Is there a vaccine for Rubella
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Yes. Live attenuated vaccine
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What is the largest human herpes virus?
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CMV
cytomegalovirus infection |
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What is another name for CMV?
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salivary gland virus
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How is CMV spread?
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urine, semen, cervical secretions, STD, blood transfusions, organ transplant
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Where does a CMV infection localize?
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epithelial cells of the salivary glands, kidney tubule, cervix, epididymis, testes
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What are the symptoms of CMV?
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usually asymptomatic, though young adults may have fever
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what is the most common viral cause of congenital defects in the US?
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CMV, cytomegalovirus infection
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What defects does CMV cause?
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fetal malformations, small size, microcephaly, MR, hearing loss, jaundice
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What disease does CMV cause in an immunodeficient patients?
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interstitial pneumonia
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What kind of virus is Epstein Barr (EBV)?
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It is a herpes virus
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How is EBV transmitted?
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saliva exchange, kissing
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What causes the symptoms of EBV?
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action of released cytokines; immunologic response; T lymphocytes respond to infected B cells.
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How does the EBV virus replicate?
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In B lymphocytes binding to C3d receptor on the cells.
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What is the EBV triad?
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1. Sore throat
2. lymphadenopathy 3. splenomegaly |
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What disease develops in older children and young adults with EBV?
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infectious mononucleosis
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Which two diseases result in Burkitt's lymphoma?
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EBV and malaria;
malaria weakens the T cell control of EBV |
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What virus plays a role in 30-50% of Hodgkins disease?
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EBV
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What 2 ways is smallpox spread?
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1. Contact with skin lesions
2. Respiratory tract |
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What was the 1st disease controlled by immunization?
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smallpox
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What makes disease eradication possible (4 factors)?
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1. no subclinical infections
2. no carrier 3. no animal reservoir 4. effective vacine |
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What causes smallpox (variola)?
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poxvirus (variola major or minor)
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What are the 3 characteristics of vector-borne infections?
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1. able to transmit to sparse pop
2. virus survives in vector and host 3. sufficient # of vectors to infect large enough pop |
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What are arboviruses?
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arthropod-borne: ticks, mosquitoes, sandflies
can cause fever, rash |
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What mosquito carries yellow fever person-person?
. . . monkey-person? |
p-p Aedes aegypti ("urban" yellow fever)
m-p Haemagogus ("jungle" yellow fever) |
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What are symptoms of yellow fever, and what is mortality rate?
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-Sudden onset of fever, headache, muscular aches
-Severe --> shock, liver damage, death - 50% |
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What is the prevention of yellow fever?
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- Live attenuated vaccine
- Control of mosquitoes |
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What is the principal vector for dengue fever?
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Aedes aegypti mosquito
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What is a common name for dengue fever?
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"break-bone" fever
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What is the severe form of dengue called?
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Dengue hemorrhagic fever syndrome.
Occurs in children in endemic areas. Mortality up to 10% |
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What are the symptoms of dengue fever?
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Malaise, fever, nausea, vomiting, maculopapular rash.
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What are the symptoms of dengue hemorrhagic fever syndrome?
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Vascular damage, shock, hemorrhage in GI tract and skin due to cytokines
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What is the treatment for dengue fever?
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None
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What are rickettsia?
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- Small bacteria
- Obligate parasite |
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List 4 rickettsial infections
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1. Rocky mountain spotted fever
2. Mediterranean spotted fever 3. Epidemic typhus 4. Endemic typhus |
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What bacteria causes rocky mtn spotted fever?
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R. rickettsii
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What bacteria causes Mediterranean spotted fever?
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R. conorri
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What bacteria causes epidemic typhus?
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R. prowazeckii
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What bacteria causes endemic typhus?
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R. typhi
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Which is worse, epidemic or endemic typhus?
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Epidemic. Fever, headache, flu-like, maculopapular rash, maybe sever meningoencephalitis w/delirium and coma.
Endemic is similar by less severe. |
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What are the special symptoms of Rocky Mtn spotted fever?
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Splenomegaly, neurologic involvement, disseminated intravascular coagulation, shock, and death if not treated immediately.
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What is the treatment for Rocky mtn spotted fever?
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Immediate tetracycline IV
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Where does rash develop in Mediterranean spotted fever?
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On palms and soles of feet
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What is the mortality rate of Mediterranean spotted fever?
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50%
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What creature transmits epidemic typhus?
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A louse -- Pediculus corporis
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Why is epidemic typhus associated with poverty and war?
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Clothes and bodies are washed less often.
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What causes Lyme disease?
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Borrelia spirochete
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What transmits Lyme disease?
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Ticks of genus Ixodes
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What is the classic sign of bite from Lyme disease infected tick?
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Bull's eye lesion.
erythema chronicum migrans |
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What are the effects of untreated Lyme disease?
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- neurologic: meningitis, encephalitis, peripheral neuropathy
- cardiologic: congestive heart failure, myopericarditis - arthritis |
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What is the leading vector-borne disease in US?
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Lyme disease
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What protozoa cause malaria?
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Plasmodium
- P. falciparum = most virulent - P. vivax = most common |
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What vector carries malaria?
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female anopheles mosquito
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What is the life cycle of the malaria parasite?
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- sporozoites in saliva
- liver - mature into merozoites --> bloodstream - mer's enter red blood cells, multiply, burst (when fever shivering occur) |
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What is the sexual cycle of Plasmodium (malaria)?
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- form male/female gametocytes in RBC
- mosquito feeds on RBC - gametocytes form zygote - sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito * zygote forms in mosquito, NOT human host |
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What are symptoms of malaria?
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Fever to fatal cerebral or renal disease.
Also headache, vomiting, muscle spasms. |
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Describe the synchronous cycle times of malaria.
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48 or 72 hour periodicity of fever
1. cold & shivering 2. hot, dry stage 3. profuse sweating |
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Why is P. falciparum malaria fatal during 1st 2 or 3 weeks?
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Complications:
- cerebral malaria - headache, neck stiffness, convulsions, coma - severe anemia due to bursting RBC's - clots from destroyed RBC's - hypoglycemia & lactic acidosis - parasites consume glucose |
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What is the treatment for malaria?
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Chloroquinine.
Drugs are strain specific. |
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What is the common name for African trypanosomiasis?
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Sleeping sickness
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What protozoa cause trypanosomiasis?
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- Trypanosoma brucel gambiense
- Trypanosoma rhodesiense |
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What is the trypanosomiasis vector?
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Tse-tse fly
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What are the symptoms of trypanosomiasis?
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- chancre
- lymph node enlargement - fever - splenomegaly - CNS involvement - voracious appetite - weight loss - coma |
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How does T. brucei (trypsanosomiasis) survive so well in the blood?
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Antigenic variation
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How do you treat sleeping sickness?
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arsenical and non-arsenical drugs
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What are symptoms of malaria?
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Fever to fatal cerebral or renal disease.
Also headache, vomiting, muscle spasms. |
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Describe the synchronous cycle times of malaria.
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48 or 72 hour periodicity of fever
1. cold & shivering 2. hot, dry stage 3. profuse sweating |
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Why is P. falciparum malaria fatal during 1st 2 or 3 weeks?
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Complications:
- cerebral malaria - headache, neck stiffness, convulsions, coma - severe anemia due to bursting RBC's - clots from destroyed RBC's - hypoglycemia & lactic acidosis - parasites consume glucose |
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What is the treatment for malaria?
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Chloroquinine.
Drugs are strain specific. |
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What is the common name for African trypanosomiasis?
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Sleeping sickness
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What protozoa cause trypanosomiasis?
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- Trypanosoma brucel gambiense
- Trypanosoma rhodesiense |
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What is the trypanosomiasis vector?
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Tse-tse fly
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What are the symptoms of trypanosomiasis?
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- chancre
- lymph node enlargement - fever - splenomegaly - CNS involvement - voracious appetite - weight loss - coma |
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How does T. brucei (trypsanosomiasis) survive so well in the blood?
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Antigenic variation
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How do you treat sleeping sickness?
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arsenical and non-arsenical drugs
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What protozoa causes Chaga's disease
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T. cruzi
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What is another name for South American trypanosomiasis?
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Chaga's disease
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How is Chaga's disease transmitted?
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reduviid bug -- kissing bug
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What systems does Chaga's disease affect?
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Heart and GI
Major cause of death = myocarditis |
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What is the treatment for Chaga's disease?
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arsenicals
* one of the hardest protozoal infections to cure |
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What are leishmania?
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- Intracellular parasites that inhabit macrophages
- Cause leishmaniasis |
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Which are the leishmania that cause leishmaniasis?
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- L. donovani --> visceral
- L. tropica --> cutaneous |
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Name two types of leishmaniasis.
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1. visceral, aka kal-azar -- liver and spleen
2. cutaneous -- skin |
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What are the symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis (kal-azar)?
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Fever, weight loss, then years of hepatomegaly, splenomegaly.
Death from liver failure if untreated |
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What are the symptoms of cutaneous leishmaniasis?
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Ulcers, scarring
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How do you treat leishmaniasis?
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antimonial compounds
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What type of infections are schistosomiasis and filariasis?
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helminth infections
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What is the basis for the pathology of schistosomiasis?
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Schistosome eggs: body becomes hypersensitive to antigens as they pass thru tissue or get trapped in organs
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What is urinary schistosomiasis?
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Schistosome eggs move thru bladder --> hemorrhage, polyps, possible cancer
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What is another common name for filiariasis?
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Elephantiasis
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What causes filiariasis?
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filarial nematodes
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Describe lymphatic filiariasis.
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- Larvae enter skin
- Develop into long worms in lymph nodes & lymphatics of limbs and groin - Fever, rash, chronic lymphatic obstruction |
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What is an arenavirus infection?
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- parasite of rodents
- harmless to rodents; severe, lethal in humans |
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What virus is most common in Sierra Leone hospitals?
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- Lassa fever virus
- Contracted from infected rats or their urine. - If tranferred from patient to caretaker via blood, body fluids, more severe |
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What virus causes Korean Hemorrhagic fever?
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Hantaan virus
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Where have there been recent outbreaks of Korean hemorrhagic fever?
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SW US. Severe pulmonary disease.
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What causes Marburg and Ebola viruses?
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filoviruses -- long filamentous single strand RNA
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What are the symptoms of Marburg and Ebola viruses?
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fever, hemorrhage, rash, disseminated intravascular coagulation
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How are Marburg and Ebola viruses treated?
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No known treatment
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Are there carriers of Marburg and Ebola viruses?
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Yes, there appears to be subclinical infection. Found AB's in 18% of one pop
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What causes Q (query fever)?
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a rickettsia bacteria, Coxiella burnetii
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How is the rickettsia Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) different from other rickettsia?
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1. not transmitted by arthropods
2. transmission by inhalation 3. main action in lungs; not vascular endothelium |
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If Q fever becomes chronic, what is the result?
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Endocarditis. Can be fatal
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What bacteria causes anthrax?
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Bacillus anthracis, a spore forming bacteria
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What are the 2 types of anthrax?
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1. cutaneous
2. pulmonary |
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What is an eschar? How does it develop?
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An eschar is an ulcerated papule caused by anthrax toxin that has an edema factor. Center is black and necrotic
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What is the mortality rate of pulmonary anthrax?
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100% if not treated
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How does pulmonary anthrax begin?
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Inhalation of anthrax spores, which enter macropohages.
--> pul edema, hemorrhage, and spread of lethal toxin |
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How do you treat pulmonary anthrax?
How do you prevent it? |
treat - Penicillin -- early and lots
prevent - Vaccine of purified protective antigens |
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What is the real name for wool sorters disease?
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Pulmonary anthrax
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What is the cause of plague?
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Yersinia pestis
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What is the vector for bubonic plague?
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Rat flea
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What is the difference between bubonic and pneumonic plague?
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Bubonic trfr rat-to-human.
Pneumonic trfr human-to-human by droplets if lots of bacteria in lungs |
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What is clinical path/signs of bubonic plague?
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1. bacteria enter skin
2. spread to lymph nodes of armpit, groin 3. form buboes w/ hemorrhagic inflammation 4. spread to blood, septicimia, hemorrhagic 5. multisystem - spleen, liver, lungs, CNS |
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What causes tularemia, a multisystem zoonosis?
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Franchisella tularensis
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How are humans infected with tularemia?
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Contact w/infected animals or by arthropod vector.
*There is no person-to-person spread |
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How does tularemia develop in the body?
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Febrile illness, lymphatic spread;
Lungs, GI tract, and liver via blood |
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What is the cause of leptospirosis?
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leptospira, spirochetes
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How are humans infected with leptospira?
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ingestion of contaminated food/water (rat urine), swimming
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What are the complications of leptospirosis?
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Hepatitis, bacteriuria, meningitis, hemorrhage, kidney and liver failure.
But 90% resolve okay |
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What is an eschar? How does it develop?
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An eschar is an ulcerated papule caused by anthrax toxin that has an edema factor. Center is black and necrotic
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What is the mortality rate of pulmonary anthrax?
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100% if not treated
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How does pulmonary anthrax begin?
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Inhalation of anthrax spores, which enter macropohages.
--> pul edema, hemorrhage, and spread of lethal toxin |
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How do you treat pulmonary anthrax?
How do you prevent it? |
treat - Penicillin -- early and lots
prevent - Vaccine of purified protective antigens |
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What is the real name for wool sorters disease?
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Pulmonary anthrax
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What is the cause of plague?
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Yersinia pestis
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What is the vector for bubonic plague?
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Rat flea
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What is the difference between bubonic and pneumonic plague?
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Bubonic trfr rat-to-human.
Pneumonic trfr human-to-human by droplets if lots of bacteria in lungs |
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What is clinical path/signs of bubonic plague?
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1. bacteria enter skin
2. spread to lymph nodes of armpit, groin 3. form buboes w/ hemorrhagic inflammation 4. spread to blood, septicimia, hemorrhagic 5. multisystem - spleen, liver, lungs, CNS |
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What causes tularemia, a multisystem zoonosis?
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Franchisella tularensis
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