Microbiology_Finals

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– atypical or unusual bec lack of peptidoglycan cell wall & have sterols in cell membrane, are smallest known culturally bacteria, they grow with characteristics fried egg appearance in culture (most culture embedded in agar)
Page 726 fig. 24.14

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Mycoplasma

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The mycoplasma causes disease in two locations or body system.

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One the lungs pneumonia – infectional lungs cause by M. pneumoniae, TWO genital mycoplasma

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– also known as primary, atypical pneumoniae walking pneumonia bec the individual don’t appear to be ill. Not fetally known disease, easily treated with antibiotic. See text

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M. Pneumoniae

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– include mycoplasma M. homonis, ureaplasma urealytism, - strong evidence as sexually transmitted and maybe predispose to by changes in vaginal flora and ph.

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Genital Mycoplasma

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– acid fast bacteria with gram (+) cell wall. Have a waxy outer mycolic acid layer on the cell wall which makes them resistant to stain and decolarization by acid alcohol. Major Species infection human are mycobacterium tuberculosis. M. leprae, M. avium intracellularly

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Mycobacterium

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– leading cause of death in developing countries, some 3 million deaths annualy, major association in african subcontinent with HIV infection as leading cause of death, only 10% of people that have contact will develop tuberculosis, not highly infectious. 90% will remain free of tuberculosis. The organism is slowly growing, definitive I.D. requires culture of several months. I.D. or detection based on acid fast stain or tissue biopsy.

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M. Tuberculosis

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Two methods of testing tuberculosis

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Pinyuon stain
Zeihl-nielsin

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More modern methods include quantiferon gold as standard. Multiple drug resistance to M. tuberculosis, now a huge problem, predispose to poor patient compliance and decline of governmental oversees. Diagnosis also make by (+) tuberculosis skin test
Page 719-723

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true look on the book

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BCG vaccine – is not use in US bec it interferes with tuberculosis skin test. It efficacy also varies, widely used worldwide except US. The organism is highly aerobic hence has the preference to grow in the lungs. Lung infection. Spread or dissemination to other tissue are likely to other patients is know as miliary TB which most of the body is infected. Transmission is primarily droplet infectious nuclei via respiratory inhalation. The organism is viable for periods of months suspended as droplet infectious nuclei, largely with the presence of waxy outer mycolic acid. Diagnose is made by chest xray, particularly with patients with (+) skin test. Some I.D. physicians put patients with (+) skin test on theraphy or drug treatment as supported by chest x-ray. People who had BCG vaccination typically test (+) , but this should not be regarded as evidence of Tuberculosis. Drug treatment typically consists of triple theraphy Izonacids, rifampin, ethambutol

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BCG vaccine

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–lepreosy, relatively rare in US and rich country, common in tropics and africa. Decline significantly over the past decades. Infection leads to nervous system dysfunction or lose of nerve funcion and perception evidently in extremities leading atrophy on fingers, toes

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M. Leprae

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- mac complex, opportunistic infection in compromise hosts (AIDS), tends to disseminate in compromise population.

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M. avium intracellularly

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– seems relatively recently assoc with massive skin ulcer, primarily seen in African patients.

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M. Chelonei

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– assoc with leg ulcers in CA acquired in salon and sauna

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M. Fortuitum

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– gram (+) non spore forming short rod, commonly isolated from clinical specimens as diptherods, toxins producing strain cause diptheria, respiratory and cutaneous(skin). Disease more serious in adult males. Infection in N. America prevented by DPT vaccine given by 2 months of age. Forms a confluent pseudomembrane over the pharynx producing respiratory difficult . Organism cultured on chocolate agar. (blood agar heated to release)

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Corynebacterium

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– most strain . G. vagina – commonly seen as STD which some evidence suggesting presentation as normal flora in some women, influence by Ph changes and hormones. Presentation and diagnosis most frequent in female. Cultured on starch agar . Diagnosis made by (+) whipp test which consists of adding potassium hydroxide to cervical swab or urethral discharge – genital specimen. Disease assoc with a pronounce fishy amine odor . Cervical and urethral specimen assoc with clue cells typically seen as epithelial cells with gram (-) cocci bacilli dominating, common in the entire surface. Cause urehtritis, vaginatis and cervicitis. Carriage and pregnancy assoc with premature births. Respiratory difficulty in newborns and infants with low birth weights. Treatment of choice flagal aka metronidazole

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Gardnerella

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• Eukaryotic
• Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic
• Chemoheterotrophic
• Most are decomposers
• Mycology is the study of fungi

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The Fungi

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Sabrophytic – digest secrete enzymes
-diff from humans (no digest system)
-produces absorbed (mold, wood rot)
Important in recycling of soil
Significant pathogens especially in compromised “mycology” study of
Hyphae – septate or non septate (cross wall), no cross wall –ceonolytic
Page 345 table 12.2 – sensitivity to antibiotic

In contrast to spores are reproductive structure (unlike bacterial spores)
Fungal allergies significant in household

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Protozoa, Fungi, Helminths

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– exists in 2 forms 1. yeast like cells, 2. hyphae

It can exist as yeast or mold, some fungi exists as both, dimorphic fungus – exists as yeast culture but when invades tissue convert to mycelium phase.

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Fungi

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I.D. of fungi is based on morphology, particularly the protein bodies of reproductive structure, presence habitat form
Tyco spore produce, minimal biochemistry, dominated by morphology

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