Microbiology With Dr. Zeigler

Front 1

Viroids

Back 1

All Nucleic Acids

Front 2

Prions

Back 2

All proteins

Front 3

Viruses

Back 3

Obligated to be parasites, have no organelles need a host to survive and replicate

Front 4

Fungi

Back 4

Eukaryotic cells

Front 5

Prokaryotic

Back 5

Bacteria, some have lost the ability to grow on their own

Front 6

Virulence factors

Back 6

Components of the structure of bacteria which contribute to the ability of the bacteria to cause disease.

FIMBRIA--allow attachment

Toxins which contribute to disease. Some secrete enzymes.

REALLY DEPENDS ON structure and what it it is capable of doing

Front 7

Bacterial structure

Back 7

A. No organelles
B. Cell Wall
C. Gram + or -
D. Some antibiotics do not work on G+ wall or vice versa due to inability to get pass the wall

Front 8

Gram - Bacteria

Back 8

Lipopolysaccarides, external component that is associate with FEVER, ACTIVATIOn OF LYMPHOCYTES,

CAUSE OF ENDOTOXIN

Front 9

Gram Stains

Back 9

Crystal violet stain which gets into cells colors them blue the Gram + will stay blue while the - will be red since the when alcohol is added it is washed out

Front 10

Pili

Back 10

Help in colonization, they grip to the enviroment that they land in

Front 11

Capsules

Back 11

Genetically produced by bacteria
Immune systems will not be able to digest or remove efficiently
Bacteria consists of the plasmid and other **** that it can pick up to influence activity

Front 12

Biofilms

Back 12

ARTIFICIAL IMPLANTATIONS

Colonies form and communicate with eachother and form layers! Cause problems like infection caused by bacteria occurs in vivo

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Generational time

Back 13

Replication occurs at different rates,
Abscess bacteria cannot grow as fast, if you give a static drug it will not be effective due to slow growth rate

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Anaerobes

Back 14

Superoxid Dimutase present and eliminates radical, uses fermentation route,
uses derivative of pyruvate to grow,
slow growening,
make certain fermentation products that tell you what they are

Front 15

Facilitative Bacteria

Back 15

Grow Aerobically and anaerobically

Anaerobically is slower than aerobic prefer aerobically.

Front 16

Conjunction

Back 16

Mediated by F factor
1. F+ factor moves in from another cell(F+ to F- cell) via a sex pili thingy. Then integrates into other cell's genome.
2. Enters F- cell with some other component first then has HFR come last. THe HFR activates host chromosomoe and integrates.
3. This is the result of biological exchange

TRANSFER OF RESISTANCE

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Transformation

Back 17

Bacteria has lysed DNA floating around

Pick up floating DNA by competence factor add to it's genome, this may make it more virulent or allow it to be resistant to something

Front 18

Transduction

Back 18

Bacteria have phages

Phages can kill other bacteria by 2 methods
Lytic: Enter Cell, replicate, lyse cell, don't play a role in virulence, use medically.

Lysogenic-genetic material enters cell, depending on synthesis of repressor gene stops the ability of the host for totall replication. Sets phage genetic material for integration into host chroms.
Can also lyse the cell if integration fails.

Front 19

Specialized transduction

Back 19

Transfer of host DNA sements near site of prophage integration contains viral and Host DNA

Front 20

Generalized Transduction

Back 20

Randomly packages host DNA in a bacteriophage coate and may transfer any gene

Transducing particle contains only host DNA

Front 21

Plasmid

Back 21

Dna Pieces that self replicat. Can carry antibiotic resistance, toxic genes and transposons

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Transposons

Back 22

Movable genetic elements incapable of independent replication. Inserts int chrom.

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Integrons

Back 23

mobile genetic element consist of an integrase gene, resistance genes, and insertion sequence. NO SELF REPLIC.

Front 24

Pathogenicity islands

Back 24

Genes code for unique secreation systems, toxins adhesion, etc, contains integrase and transponse genes.

Front 25

Bacterial Pathogenesis

Back 25

Transmission
Evasion of 1* host defenses
Adherence to mucase membranes by pili or capsules, adherins mediate adherence. BIOFILMS FORM
Colonization by growth
Disease sympoms caused by toxin production
Host response nospecific and specific
Progression or resolution of disease

Front 26

Exotoxins

Back 26

polypeptides relased by cell highly toxic both gram + and -

Front 27

Endotoxins

Back 27

lipopolysaccarides, intergal part of gram -,
cause
SMALL AMOUNTS:::
Fever, Vasodialation, Increased Antibody Synthesis, Inflammation

LARGE AMOUNTS:::
SHock, intravascular coagulation

Front 28

Pyogenic

Back 28

Pus producing where neutrophils are predominant

Front 29

Granulomatous

Back 29

Macrophages and t cell predominate

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Survival of Host Defenses

Back 30

1. Invactivation of antibody
2. Inhibition of complement action (keeps complement from binding to cell
3.Antigenic (phase) variation- alteration of epitopes on major bact. surface molecules avoiding antibodies.
4. Molecular mimicry-Pathogens mimic host factors and allow evasion of adaptive host impun system.
5. Lipopolysac. Modification- changes stop phago. or membrane attack complexes. IE MAC forms to far from the cell when modified to damage cell.

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LIVE Vaccines In U.S.

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Measles, mumps, Rubella, Varicella, Polio, Yellow Fever, smallpox, influenza, TB, Typhloid

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Killed Vaccines in US

Back 32

Polio, Hep A, flu, polio, rabies, cholera, pertuss, plague, typhoid.

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Exotoxin subunits??

Back 33

A-active does harm to cell
B-Binder binds to cell surface.

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5 Class of Antibacterial Attack

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Inhibit cell wall synthesis,
Inhibit NA synthesis
Protein synthesis at 30S subunit and 50S
Alteration of cell membrane function to target gram negative bacteria

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Innate Immunity

Back 35

Skin, resporitory epithelia, saliva

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Active (Adaptive) Immunity

Back 36

B Cells respond by making antibodies specific to virus receptors and have the ability to bind to our own cell receptors to keep viruses away from them.

IgM=first antibody that comes up when comes across antigenes

IgG- antibodies stored from past encounters

T-lymophcytes, compliments,

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Compliment-

Back 37

binds to antibody which binds to cell which then puts holes in bacteria cell, this then attracts phagocytes to eat it

Front 38

Lukocydins

Back 38

Made to kill macrophages

Front 39

Super antigens

Back 39

Super stimulate cells of the body to secrete cytokines which shocks the body

Front 40

Sialic Acid

Back 40

Added to endotoxin by lipopolysaccharide to hide it from host defenses in gram negative cells.