Microbiology Viruses

Front 1

Viruses-smaller than ________. Scientists ________ a specimen so no bacteria, but still it was infectious. Hence: virus is cause.

Back 1

Bacteria, filtered

Front 2

Obligate intracellular parasites can't ________ unless they invade host cell and _________ it's genetic/metabolic material to _________.

Back 2

multiply, instruct, reproduce.

Front 3

Viruses are called __________ instead of organisms.

Back 3

Infectious particles

Front 4

Viruses are classified as _____ or ________ instead of as alive or dead.

Back 4

Active or inactive

Front 5

Size range of viruses is ultramicroscopic which means: Most require an ____ microscope to detect are __nm to ___nm. They are dwarfed by their _____ cells. 2000 bacterial viruses could fit on 1 bacterial cell. 50 million on 1 human cell.

Back 5

Electron, 20 to 450 nm. host

Front 6

Viral components/structure: name the 3 parts. (1part not all viruses have).

Back 6

Capsids, nucleic acids, and envelopes (optional)

Front 7

Protein capsid or shell surrounds the ______-____ in a protective outer shell. It is made up of ________.It It may have 1 repeating ________ or many repeating _______.

Back 7

Nucleic-acid, capsomers(subunits)

Front 8

Nucleocapsid is both the ______ and the ______-_____.

Back 8

capsid and NA

Front 9

Naked versus enveloped viruses: ________ have an extra layer surrounding the capsid. The envelop has ____ which help it to ________ to the next host cell.

Back 9

Enveloped, spikes, attach

Front 10

Another word for virus is _____.

Back 10

virion

Front 11

Functions of the viral capsid/envelope it protects the ______-____ from effects of _______ and chemicals when not in a host. It helps _______ the viral DNA or/RNA into host cell.It also stimulates the _______ system (of host) to produce ___________.

Back 11

Nucleic Acids,enzymes, introduce. Immune, antibodies

Front 12

Genome is the ___- ____ of genetic info carried by an organism.

Back 12

Sum total

Front 13

Viral genetic info is _____DNA or RNA but ___ ____. both DNA and RNA can be either single or double stranded.

Back 13

Either, but not both.

Front 14

Positive sense RNA is ____ for translation and negative sense RNA has to be _______ for translation.

Back 14

Ready, converted

Front 15

Segmented RNA genomes -each _____ is on a _______ piece of RNA.

Back 15

Gene, seperate

Front 16

Viruses are genetic ________, they can't multiply their nucleic-acid without a host. All viruses are ____ but not all ______ are viruses.

Back 16

Parasites.

Front 17

Other Substances in the Virus Particle there might be ______.Polymerases for synthesizing DNA and RNA. The AIDS virus comes with Reverse transcriptase for converting DNA from RNA.

Back 17

Enzymes

Front 18

How Viruses Are Classified and Named Classified based on DNA or RNA single/__________-______. Enveloped or ______, Structure of capsid, Host cell specificity _______, plant, ______, fungi; and Size.

Back 18

Double stranded, naked, animal, bacteria.

Front 19

Virus ______ name ends in -viridae

Back 19

family

Front 20

Modes of Viral Multiplication Name and describe the 6 steps

Back 20

1-adsorption: the virus attaches to host cell by binding it's spikes to cell receptors. 2-penetration: virus is engulfed into a vesicle 3-uncoating: envelop is uncoated/capsid is dissolved freeing the viral RNA into cell cytoplasm. 4-syntheses: under control of viral genes the cell is no longer making cell parts or doing cell activities it is making new virus parts ie RNA, capsomers, spikes. 5-assembly:viral spike proteins are inserted into the cell membrane for the viral envelope, nucleocapsid is formed from RNA and capsomers. and 6-release: the enveloped viruses bud off using part of the cell membrane as its envelop. New virus is now ready to infect another host cell.

Front 21

In Synthesis DNA viruses usually work from the _______

Back 21

while RNA viruses usually work fromthe

Front 22

Release of mature viruses involves either budding or _______

Back 22

exocytosis.

Front 23

Damage to the host cell and persistent infections 1-Cytopathic effects is virus induced damage that alters the cell's _______ (changing its ___ or ____). 2-Inclusion bodies 3-Persistent infection-like the measels can stay ________ in brain cells. 4-Latent state: can become _______, ie herpes, chicken pox/shingles. 5-Transformation: virus that can alter cell's _______-________ . 6- Oncogenic viruses cause_____, 7-oncoviruses: cause ______.

Back 23

appearance (shape/size), hidden, re-activated; genetic makeup, cancer, tumors.

Front 24

Viruses that infect bacteria. Lysogeny is when the ______DNA gets into the _______ DNA

Back 24

Virual, bacterial.

Front 25

Animal viruses must be cultivated in an _______ cell.

Back 25

Animal

Front 26

Viruses are most common cause of acute infections that do not result in _______. Most viral infections do not result in death or severe debility; however there are exceptions-name the 5.

Back 26

Hospitalization,1-Rabies 2-AIDS, 3-Ebola 4-Polio, 5-neonatal rubella

Front 27

Other non-cellular infectious agents: 1-Prions which are what? 2-Satellite viruses which are what? And 3- Viroids which are what?

Back 27

Prions-just a pure protein molecule. Satellite virus-depend on other viruses for replication. Viroids are naked RNA fragments.

Front 28

Treatment of Animal Viral Infections Antiviral drugs Azidothymidine (AZT) is used to treat ___ and targets the ____ stage. Interferon is a ______ cell product. Vaccines stimulate _____ and are only available for a limited # of viral diseases.

Back 28

AIDS, synthesis, Human, immunity

Front 29

In genergal if there is a fever it's caused by _______.

Back 29

bacteria`

Front 30

Penetration/uncoating of animal viruses can involve ________ where the entire virus is engulfed by cell into a vacuole or ______ can also occur.

Back 30

Endocytosis, fusion