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207 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is diagnosed using a Direct Florescent Antibody Test?
|
Legionairres
Whooping Couph (Bordatella Pertussis) |
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of all Campylobacter?
|
Gram negative curved rod with polar flagella
MICROAEROPHILIC |
|
What will a disease that attacks the colon appear as clinically?
|
bloody type mucus, white blood cell infection
|
|
What will a disease that attacks the small intestine appear as, clinically?
|
diarrhea, watery, vomiting type infection
|
|
What are the two organisms that are microaerophilic?
|
Campylobacter and helicobacter
|
|
What does campylobacter jejuni cause?
|
gastroenteritis
|
|
What is the classic description of the microscopic appearance of campylobacter?
|
gulls wings
|
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How do we get campylobacter?
|
Fecal-oral, primarily from chicken, but all kinds of animals have this organism
|
|
What is the clinical appearance of campylobacter?
|
it attacks the COLON and is a bloody, pusy, mucus diarrhea
Patient will be haveing 10 or more stools per day |
|
Where does campylobacter attack?
|
Colon
|
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What is the most common infectious diarrhea worldwide?
|
Campylobacter jejuni
|
|
What is helicobacter pylori a cause of?
|
gastritis and duodenal ulcers, which can lead to stomach cancer
|
|
What is the reservoir for helicobacter pylori and what is the ode of transmission?
|
humans
Fecal-oral or oral-oral |
|
What is the test for helicobacter pylori?
|
Person is fed radioactive Carbon-13 urea, and then the urease from the organism breaks up the urea and produces Carbon 13 carbon dioxide, which is measurable
|
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What are the virulence factors of helicobacter?
|
urease-positve - ammonium cloud neutralizeds stomach acid, allowing survival
Mucinase - aids in penitration of mucous layer it helps survive the rapid shift down to neutral as it penitrates into stomach lining, where pH is neutral. |
|
What is the treatment for helicobacter?
|
Two antibiotics, one of which is metronidazol
peptobismol proton pump inhibitor |
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of all organisms in the Enterobacteriaceae family?
|
Gram-negative rods
Facultative anaerobes Cytochrome C oxidase negative Reduce nitrates to nitrites |
|
What the the pathogenicity of the enterobacteriaceae due to?
|
endotoxin
sometimes exotoxin O, H, K, Vi Antigens |
|
What is the O antigen?
H? K? Vi? |
O = Outer Membrane
H = flagellar antigen K = capsular polysacccharide antigen Vi = Salmonella capsular antigen |
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Which antigen is important in neonatal menengitis and what organism does it belong to?
|
K1 antigen of E.Coli
|
|
What is the media that you always put gram negative organisms on?
|
MacConckeys
it allows gram negative organisms to grow, but not gram positives. It also differentiate lactose fermenters from non-lactor fermenters. If the colonoy turns pink it is a lactose fermenter. |
|
What are some of the main lactose fermenters?
|
Citrobacter
Escherichia Enterbacter Klabsiella |
|
What is the mneumonic for lactose fermenters?
|
CEEK
Citrobacter Escherichia Enterbacter Klabsiella |
|
What are some good examples of non-lactose fermenters?
|
Shigella
Yersinia Proteus Salmonella |
|
What is the mneumonic for non-lactose fermenters?
|
ShYPS
Shigella Yersinia Proteus Salmonella |
|
What is good examples of non-lactose fermenters without flagella and also without H2S?
|
Shigella
Yersinia |
|
What does the TSI test for and hao is it indicated?
|
H2S
The presence of H2S produces a black pigment in the TSI test. |
|
What are some good examples of Non-lactose fermenters that do have flagella and do produse H2S?
|
Salmonella
Proteus |
|
What would Salmonella and Proteus do on the TSI test and why?
|
They would produce a black pigment on the TSI test due to their production of H2S
|
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Escherichia coli?
|
Gram negative rod
Facultative anaerobic oxidase negative Lactose fermenter |
|
What is another type of medium, besides MacConkey's, that distinguishes lactose from non-lactose fermenting?
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EMB - eosin-methylene blue agar
|
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What color does E. coli turn a TSI test?
|
yellow
|
|
Why does E.Coli turn a TSI test yellow and what does this mean?
|
it mean it fermented all of the sugars in there and there is lots of acid produced. Thus there is a lot of change in the pH indicator. On TSI (triple sugar iron) this is known as acid over acid over gas H2S negative
|
|
What is the reservoir for E. coli?
enterohemorrhagic strains? |
Human colon
enterhemorrhagic - bovine feces |
|
What are the two most common organisms found in our colon?
|
1. Bacteroides
2. E. coli |
|
What is the number one cause of UTI's in females?
|
E. Coli
|
|
What diseases does E. coli cause?
|
-UTI's
-Neonatal septicemia nd meningitis -Septicemia -Gastroenteritides/Diarrheas |
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What type of E. coli causes the neonatal meningitis?
|
K1 capsule type
|
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What is the three most common causes of neonatal meningitis?
|
1. Strep Agalactica
2. E. Coli with K1 capsule 3. Listeria |
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What is the mechanism by which E. Coli causes septicemia?
|
Enters through catheter or IV and endotoxing triggers shock
|
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What is the cause of traveler's diarrhea?
|
ETEC (enterotoxigenic E. coli)
|
|
wher is ETEC found?
|
in the small intestine
|
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What is the mechanism of ETEC?
|
release toxins which increse cAMP in the cells which increases fluid release.
|
|
What are the two most common types of infantile diarrhea?
|
1. rotovirus
2. EPEC (enteropathogenic E. Coli |
|
Does ETEC invade?
where? |
NO
|
|
How will a child with enteropathogenic E. Coli look?
|
very dehydrated
|
|
Where does EIEC invade?
what does it stand for? |
Enteroinvasive E. coli invades the LARGE BOWEL
|
|
What other organism is EIEC very similar to?
|
Shigella dysenteriae
|
|
What is found in the stool sample of EIEC?
|
blood, pus, mucus
|
|
What E. Coli is associated with hamburger meat and toxin does it produce?
|
EHEC (enterhemorrhagic E. coli)
Also known as VEROTOXIN producing E. coli (VPEC) |
|
What is the most common serotype of EHEC?
|
O157:H7
|
|
What diseases does EHEC produce?
|
hemorrhagic colitis and Hemolytic uremia syndrome
|
|
What distinguishes EHEC from shigellosis?
|
Shigellosis produces a fever while EHEC assoc. diseases there is NO FEVER.
|
|
What serotype of E.coli is accuired from hamburger meat?
|
O157:H7
|
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Shigella?
|
Gran Negative Rod
Enterbacteriaceae Non-lactose fermenter Non-motile |
|
What does Shigella cause?
|
bacillary dysentery
|
|
What is the reservior for shigella?
|
HUMAN COLON ONLY (no animal carriers)
|
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What is Shigella notorious for?
|
Spreading throughout daycares
|
|
What is the route of transmission?
|
Fecal-oral
|
|
What type of E. coli is serotype O157:H7?
|
EHEC
|
|
What are the three activities of shiga toxin?
|
entertoxic - fluid produced
cytotoxic - kills cells neurotoxic - some effect on the nervous system |
|
Why does Shigella spread throughout daycare centers so quickly?
|
It only takes 1-10 organisms to start infection
|
|
What is the treatment for shigella?
|
mild cases are self limiting
make sure that kids are washing hands after using the bathroom |
|
What is the mechanism of shigella toxin?
|
AB component toxin - inhibits protein synthesis by clipping 60S ribosomal subunit
|
|
What are the identifying characteristics of all Klebsiella?
|
Gram-negative rod
Enterobacteriaceae GIGANTIC capsule |
|
What are the major distinguishing characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae?
|
Gram-negative rod
Gigantic capsule Lactose fermenting colonies Mucoid looking material |
|
How would you distinguish someone with pneumonia from Strep. Pneumonia from pneumonia from Klebsiella Pneumonia?
|
The Strep pneumonia will be producing a Rusty sputum with chills while the Klebsiella patient will be very clammy because Klebsiella will result in an endotoxin shock. The Klebsiella patient will also producs a currant jelly sputum.
|
|
What tests would you perform on a patient that comes in with pneumonia to distinguish Strep. pneum. from kleb. pneum.?
|
Blood agar
macConkeys Agar Gram stain |
|
What would you treat Strep pneumo with?
|
penicillin
|
|
Who is likely to infect and what makes Klebsiella hard to treat?
|
Klebsiella infects old, alcoholic, diabetics and forms abcesses.
|
|
What is the prevention for Klebsiella?
|
good catheter care; limit catheter use
|
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics for all Salmonella?
|
Gram - negative Rod (Enterobacteriaceae)
Non-lactose fermenter Motile Produces H2S |
|
What are the dieseases caused by Salmonella?
|
Enteric or Typhoid Fever (Salmonella Typhi)
Gastroenteritis Septicemia |
|
What is one identification difference between Shigella and salmonella?
|
Salmonella has flagella while Shigella has no flagella
|
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics for Salmonella typhi?
|
Gram-negative rod
highly motile non-lactose fermenting Produces H2S Sensitive to acid |
|
What disease does Salmonella typhi cause?
|
Typhoid/Enteric Fever
|
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What is the reservoir for Salmonella typhi and what other organism is this similar to?
|
Humans only (no aminals)
This is the same as shigella. |
|
What is the mode of transmission?
|
oral-fecal
|
|
Who is especially succeptible to Salmonella
|
people with SICKLE CELLS
|
|
What is the path of infection for this organism?
|
Ingestion - enters small intestine - penetrates the small intestine and goes into PEYER'S PATCHES and MESENTERIC LYMPH NODES - spreads through blood stremam to the LIVER, SPLEEN, and RES system (causing hte fever). Most importantly, it goes to the GALL BLADDER.
|
|
What will you see in a person with Salmonella typhi?
|
Rose spots
CHOLEOCYSTITIS fever increased size of liver, spleen been to place with contaminated water/food. |
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What is the pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhi?
|
Enters, spreads to PEYERS PATCHES, spread throughout body, causes fever, go into macrophages
|
|
Clinically, what is one sign of Salmonella typhi?
|
Rose spot
|
|
How is the ty21 vaccing given and what type of vaccing is it?
|
it is an attenuated vaccine and it is given orally
|
|
What are the Non-typhoidal Salmonella?
|
Salmonella enteritidis
Salmonella typhimiuium other species |
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Non- typhoidal Salmonellae?
|
Gram-negative rods
non-lactose fermenting Produce H2S have flagella |
|
Where are the Non-typhoidal salmonella found?
|
digestive tracts of animals
|
|
What animals especially have Salmonella?
|
chickens and turtles
|
|
What is the main type of salmonella from other animals such as chicken or turtles?
|
Salmonella enteritidis
|
|
What will you see in a person with Salmonella typhi?
|
CHOLEOCYSTITIS
fever increased size of liver, spleen been to place with contaminated water/food. |
|
What is the pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhi?
|
Enters, spreads to PEYERS PATCHES, spread throughout body, causes fever, go into macrophages
|
|
Clinically, what is one sign of Salmonella typhi?
|
Rose spot
|
|
How is the ty21 vaccing given and what type of vaccing is it?
|
it is an attenuated vaccine and it is given orally
|
|
What are the Non-typhoidal Salmonella?
|
Salmonella enteritidis
Salmonella typhimiuium other species |
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Non- typhoidal Salmonellae?
|
Gram-negative rods
non-lactose fermenting Produce H2S have flagella |
|
Where are the Non-typhoidal salmonella found?
|
digestive tracts of animals
|
|
What animals especially have Salmonella?
|
chickens and turtles
|
|
What is the main type of salmonella from other animals such as chicken or turtles?
|
Salmonella enteritidis
|
|
What are the distinguishing features of yersinia organisms?
|
gran -negative rods
Enterobacteriaceae |
|
Oxidase wise, what is one distinguishing characteristic of all enterobacteriaceae?
|
oxidse negative
|
|
What is the disease yersinia pestis causes?
|
The Bubonic Plague
|
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of yersinia Pestis?
|
Gram negative
bipolar staining facultative intracellular parasite Coagulase positive |
|
Why must you be careful when handeling yersinia?
|
specimens and cultures are hazardous
|
|
What is the reservoir for yersinia pestis?
|
flea, rodent
|
|
What is the deadly form of yersinis pestis?
|
respiratory
|
|
What disease does proteus cause?
|
UTI's
|
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of all proteus organisms?
|
Gram negative rod
enterbacteriaceae peritrichous flagella (flagella all over cell) Non-lactose fermenting Urease positive |
|
What does Proteus look similar to under the microscope?
|
Salmonella
|
|
What are two of the most identifying facts about proteus?
|
it is UREASE POSITIVE and
IT SWARMS ON MEDIA (due to its high motility) |
|
What happens to the urine in a proteus infection.
|
The pH is raised due to the UREASE, whish causes staghorn renal calculi
|
|
Proteus serogroups are used in the diagnosis of a disease?
What are these serotypes and what do they diagnose? |
The OX strains of Proteus vulgaris cross react with antidodies from most rickettsial diseases?
|
|
What is the name of the test used to test for rickettsial disease with Proteus strains?
|
Weil-Felix test
|
|
What is the name of the organism that causes cholera?
|
Vibrio cholera
|
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of the Vibrio genus?
|
Gram negative curved rod with polar flagella
Oxidase positive |
|
What family is the Vibrio genus in?
|
Vibrionaceae
|
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Vibrio Cholera?
|
"Shooting Star" motility
Oxidase positive Growth on alkaline but not acidic media |
|
What media does Vibrio cholera grow on?
|
TCBS = Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt sucrose medium
|
|
What is the type of Vibrio cholerae that is presnet in South America now?
|
Vibrio cholerae with antigen O1, biotype El Tor, and sub-serotype Inaba
|
|
How does Vibreo cholerae cause it's disease (pathogenesis)?
|
Chelera enterotxin ADP Rybosylates Gs alpha which activates adenylate cyclase, which leads to increased cAMP, which leads to and efflux of Cl- and water (diarrhea)
|
|
What other toxin is the cholera enterotxin similar to?
|
E. coli LT
|
|
What is the reservoir and how is vibrio cholerae spread?
|
reservoir is in human colon and it is spread via the fecal-oral route.
|
|
What is the clinical presentation of Vibrio cholerae infection?
|
Rice water stools
tremendous fluid loss |
|
Where is Vibrio parahaemolyticus found?
|
undercooked or raw seafood
|
|
Does vibrio cholerae invade?
|
No, it just sits there and produces its toxin
|
|
What are the three types of vibrio organisms?
|
Vibreo cholerae
Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio vulnificus |
|
What does Vibrio vulnificus cause?
|
cellulitis, gastroenteritis, and septicemia
|
|
Where is Vibrio vulnificus found?
|
Brackish (slightly salty) water, oysters
|
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of pasteurella multocida?
|
Small
Gram Negative rods Facultative anaerobic rods |
|
Where is Pasturella multocida found?
|
Mouths of many animals, especially cats and dogs
|
|
What does pasturella multocida cause?
|
cellulitis and lymphadenitis
|
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of all haemophilus organisms?
|
Gram-negative, pleomorphic rod
requires growth factors |
|
What are some organisms that have very importsant capsules and why are they important?
|
Strep pneumonia - Vaccine contains 23 types of capsule and the capsule reacts in the quellung test
Klebsiella - large capsule makes it very mucoid as it grows N. Meningitidis - YWCA are the 4 different types of capsules |
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae?
|
Gram-negative rod
Very short |
|
What is the most important capsule type of haemophilus influenzae?
|
Capsule Type B
|
|
What organism could you get if bitten by a cat or dog?
|
Pasturella multicida
it grows in the mouths of dogs and cats |
|
What now keeps Haemophilus influenzae from being a major cause of neonatal meningitis?
|
HIB vaccine which is given at 2, 4, 6, 18 months and 5 years
|
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae?
|
X and V
|
|
What is growth factor X?
|
hemin
|
|
What is growth factor V?
|
NAD
|
|
What are the two situation in which H. influenzae will grow?
|
it will grow on chocolate agar and around S. aureus on Blood Agar
|
|
What is the most important virulence factor of Haemophilus influenzae?
|
polysaccharide capsule
|
|
What is the dangerous type of H. influenzae?
|
type B Haemophilus influenzae
|
|
What diseases does H. influenzae cause?
|
epiglottitis
otitis media |
|
What is the satellite phenomenom?
|
Haemophilus influenzae grown near S. aureus on Blood Agar because S. aureus supplies the needed X and V factors
|
|
What type of H. influenzae causes otitis media?
|
NTHI
Non-typable Haemophilus influenzae |
|
What is unizue about non-typeable haemophilus influenzae?
|
it does not have a capsule and it causes otitis media
|
|
What three organisms that cause otitis media?
|
Strep Pneumonia
Moraxella Catorrhallis Non-typeable Haemophilus Influenzae |
|
What is the treatment for an infection with Non-typeable H. Influenzae?
|
you cannot use penicillin. you must use something other than a Beta lactamase antibiotic
|
|
What are the two main organisms that have acquired Beta-bactimase genes?
|
Niesseria Gonnorhea
Non-typeable Haemophilus Influenzae |
|
What does Haemophilus ducreyi cause?
|
soft chancroid
(Genital ulcers) (Vinerial disease) |
|
How are all Bacteroides characterized?
|
Gram-negative rod
Anaerobic Modified LPS with reduced activity |
|
What are the three obligate anaerobic organisms?
|
Actinomyces
Bacteriodes Clostridium |
|
What does Actinomyces cause?
|
lumpy jaw
|
|
What does Clostridium cause?
|
tetanus, botulism, gangrene, pseudomembranous entercolitis
|
|
What is the most common organism in our colon?
|
Bacteroides fragilis
|
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Bacteroides fragilis?
|
Anaerobic
Gram-negative rod |
|
How does Bacteroides fragilis spread from the oclon?
|
bowel defects, surgery, or trauma
|
|
Where is Bacteroides fragilis found?
|
It is endogenous. it is found within our colon at all times.
|
|
What does bacteroides cause?
|
abcesses
|
|
What is the treatment for Bacteroides fragilis?
|
Metronidazole
|
|
What bacteroides is found in the mouth?
|
Bacteriodes melaninogenicus
|
|
What is another name for bacteriodes melaninogenicus?
|
Prevotella memalinogenica
|
|
Why is bacteroides melaninogenicus/prevotella melaninogenica not found in the intestine?
|
They are bile sensitive and thus cannot survive there
|
|
What does bacteroides malaninogenicus cause?
|
abcesses in the mouth
|
|
What are the three important spirochetes?
|
Treponema
Borrelia Leptospira |
|
What does Treponema cause?
|
Syphilis
|
|
what does Borrelia cause?
|
Lime disease
|
|
What does Leptospira cause?
|
Wiles disease
|
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of treponema?
|
Spirochetes, Poorly visible on gram stain but basically gram-negative
|
|
Describe the general structure of spirochetes.
|
spiral with axial filament (endoflagellum)
|
|
How is trepnema grown in the lab and why is it grown like this?
|
it must be grown in living tissue because it is an obligate pathogen (but not intracellular). It is usually grown in rabbit testes
|
|
What type of disease does
|
vinerial disease
|
|
What are three main organisms that cause vinerial disease?
|
niesseria gonorrhea, haemophilus ducrayi, treponema pallidum
|
|
What are the three stages of syphilis?
|
Primary, secondary, tertiary
|
|
What are the major characteristics of a primary syphilis?
|
hard, nontender chancre at site of inoculation
|
|
When is a person with syphilis most contagious?
|
primary stage of syphilis
|
|
How long does it take for a primary chancre to heal?
|
3-6 weeks
|
|
What are the common characteristics of secondary syphilis?
|
Maculopapular (often copper colored) rash on skin including palms and soles, Flat wart-like perianal condylomata lata, mucous membrane lesions, both highly infectious
|
|
What are the characteristics of tertiary syphilis?
|
gummaa, aortitis, or central nervous system
|
|
What perprotionof people with syphilis what are the odds that she will get tertiary syphilis
|
one-third
|
|
Is syphilis passed from mother of newborn?
|
yes
|
|
What are the consiquences of congenitial syphilis?
|
stillbirth and multiple other obnormalities (keratitis, 8th nerve deafness, notched teeth, and sometimes asymptomatic until age 2
|
|
What are snuffles?
|
clear fluid running from the nose of newborn. This contains syphilis organisms and thus can diagnose syphilis.
|
|
How do you diagnose syphilis?
|
get a scraping of a primary chancre and look under a dark field microscope
|
|
What is the treatment for syphilis?
|
penicillin
|
|
What are the laboratory tests for syphilis?
|
VDRL or RPR test
|
|
What is the VDRL test?
|
it tests for syphilis by placing antigen in with a possible syphilis sample to see if syphilis antibody will clump the antigen. If it clumps the antigen then it is positive
|
|
Why might the make the VDRL results negative when the patient actually is infected with antibody?
|
penicillin administration will make the VDRL test negative
|
|
What is the true test for syphilis?
|
FTA-ABS test
|
|
What does FTA-ABS stand for?
|
Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption
|
|
Why would you perform the FTA-ABS test?
|
The VDRA and RPR tests are screening tests and thus are not specific. The FTA-ABS test is more specific for syphilis and thus is a confirmation to the VDRA and RPR tests.
|
|
What is the treatment for syphilis?
|
penicillin
|
|
What are the general characteristics of Borrelia?
|
Larger spirochetes, Gram-negative, Microaerophilic
|
|
What does Borrelia cause?
|
Lyme disease
|
|
What organism causes Lyme disease?
|
Borrelia burgdorferi
|
|
How is Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted to humans?
|
deer tick
|
|
What genus of tick transmits Borrelia burgdorferi?
|
Ixodes
|
|
Where is lyme disease usually found?
|
white footed mouse and white tailed deer
|
|
Clinically, what does the primary stage of lyme disease look like?
|
spreading annular skin lesion with an erythematous leading edge and central clearing, it looks like “A BULL’S EYE”
|
|
What is the name of the clinical symptoms of the primary stage of Lyme disease?
|
Erythema chronicum migrans
|
|
clinically, What is the secondary stage of lyme disease like?
|
this involves neurological aspects
|
|
What is the tertiary stage of lyme disease known for?
|
a very severe arthritis
|
|
What are the general characteristics of Leptospira?
|
Spirochetes – thin, with hooks, Too thin to visualize, but gram-negative cell envelope
|
|
How is Liptospira interrogans spread?
|
animal urine in water
|
|
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Leptospira interrogans?
|
Spirochetes with tight terminal hooks.
|
|
What is the disease caused by Leptospira interrogans?
|
liptospirosis
|
|
What is the triad for liptospirosis?
|
renal failure, meningitis, myocarditis
|