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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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______ is the study of inheritance or heredity of living things (what molecules are involved, what mechanisms are used, what are the patterns of inheritance, ect.) |
Genetics |
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A ________ is the sum total of genetic material of a cell (or organism). |
Genome |
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A _________ is a discrete cellular structure composed of a long, neatly packaged, piece of DNA. |
Chromosome |
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A ________ contains the basic genetic information of an organism. Simply put, it is a certain segment of DNA that contains the necessary information to produce RNA molecules (that will function in some way to produce proteins in the cell). |
Gene |
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_____ is the genetic or hereditary material for all living things. |
DNA |
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What is the structure of DNA? |
A long rope-like molecule composed of two strands of DNA that form a double helix |
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What are the strands of DNA? |
Polymers composed of nucleotide monomers |
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A nucleotide is composed of what? |
A nitrogenous base + pentose sugar + phosphate group |
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What are the two types of nitrogenous bases? |
Purines- Adenine and Guanine (double ringed structures) Pyrimidines- Cytosine and Thymine (single ringed structures) |
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What type of pentose sugar does DNA contain? |
Deoxyribose |
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What are the complementary base pairings in DNA? |
1. Adenine bonds with Thymine by two hydrogen bonds 2. Guanine bonds with Cytosine by three hydrogen bonds |
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Nucleotides are incorporated into the strands of DNA such that they have the same orientation along the entire length of the molecule. This gives the strands __________. |
Polarity |
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One end will have a free __________ group (5' end) and one will have a free __________ group (3' end). The numbers correspond to the particular carbons in the pentose. |
Phosphate, Hydroxyl |
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DNA exist as a ________ _________, two polynucleotide strands coiled into a spiral that contains a ________ and ________ groove. |
double helix, major and minor |
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Each strands consist of a sequence of nucleotides linked together by _________ bonds (located between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the deoxyribose of an adjacent nucleotide). |
phosphodiester |
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The two polynucleotide strands are held together in a helical configuration by _______ bonding between bases on opposite strands. |
hydrogen |
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What are the characteristics of the base pairs in DNA? |
They are stacked between the sugar-phosphate backbones, perpendicular to the axis of the molecule. Base pairing is highly specific A-T and G-C. They are said to be complementary to each other. |
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In the most common form of DNA present in cells (the B form of DNA), base pairs are stacked _______ apart. |
3.4A |
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1 A = __ angstrom = __ nm |
1, 0.1 |
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One complete turn of the helix spans ____ nm. |
3.4 |
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Sugar phosphate backbones of the two strands run _____________ to one another. |
anti-parallel |
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DNA replication is said to be ___________. Each new stranded DNA molecule is composed of one "old" stand and one "new" strand. |
Semiconservative |
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What does helicase do in DNA replication? |
"unzip" the double stranded DNA. |
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What relieves the tension caused by the unzipping of DNA? |
the action of topoisomerase enzymes |
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DNA synthesis is directional. DNA polymerase enzymes catalyze the synthesis of DNA in the ___________ direction. |
5' to 3' |
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What does the 5' to 3' direction mean? |
The incoming 5' end of a new nucleotide is attached to an existing 3' end of a DNA strand. |
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The nucleotide sequence of a new DNA strand is determined by base pairing with an existing stand that serves as a ________ for replication |
template |
